<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><rss xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:content="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/" xmlns:atom="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom" version="2.0" xmlns:itunes="http://www.itunes.com/dtds/podcast-1.0.dtd" xmlns:googleplay="http://www.google.com/schemas/play-podcasts/1.0"><channel><title><![CDATA[Etkisi Ne? ]]></title><description><![CDATA[Hüseyin Aktürk
“Etkisi Ne?” podcast’inin yapımcısı ve sunucusu.
Küresel kararların, kalkınma politikalarının ve projelerin sahadaki gerçek etkisini konuklarıyla birlikte araştırıyor.
📍Uluslararası Kalkınma Danışmanı | Eğitmen | ab-ilan.com & gelbasla.com]]></description><link>https://www.etkisine.com</link><image><url>https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!K905!,w_256,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F90ec7846-37e3-4af8-b0af-4b8c737000e0_256x256.png</url><title>Etkisi Ne? </title><link>https://www.etkisine.com</link></image><generator>Substack</generator><lastBuildDate>Thu, 16 Apr 2026 05:10:47 GMT</lastBuildDate><atom:link href="https://www.etkisine.com/feed" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml"/><copyright><![CDATA[Huseyin Akturk]]></copyright><language><![CDATA[en]]></language><webMaster><![CDATA[etkisine@substack.com]]></webMaster><itunes:owner><itunes:email><![CDATA[etkisine@substack.com]]></itunes:email><itunes:name><![CDATA[Huseyin Akturk]]></itunes:name></itunes:owner><itunes:author><![CDATA[Huseyin Akturk]]></itunes:author><googleplay:owner><![CDATA[etkisine@substack.com]]></googleplay:owner><googleplay:email><![CDATA[etkisine@substack.com]]></googleplay:email><googleplay:author><![CDATA[Huseyin Akturk]]></googleplay:author><itunes:block><![CDATA[Yes]]></itunes:block><item><title><![CDATA[ABD masadan kalkıyor: Çok taraflı düzen çözülüyor]]></title><description><![CDATA[ABD, 66 uluslararas&#305; &#246;rg&#252;t ve anla&#351;madan &#231;ekilme karar&#305; ald&#305;. Bu ad&#305;m, &#231;ok tarafl&#305; k&#252;resel d&#252;zenin gelece&#287;iyle ilgili ciddi soru i&#351;aretleri do&#287;uruyor.]]></description><link>https://www.etkisine.com/p/abd-masadan-kalkyor-cok-tarafl-duzenin</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.etkisine.com/p/abd-masadan-kalkyor-cok-tarafl-duzenin</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Huseyin Akturk]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Fri, 09 Jan 2026 11:46:38 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5Yfs!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F300a7f84-d90d-4982-aa72-f7ca13ae0f33_799x533.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5Yfs!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F300a7f84-d90d-4982-aa72-f7ca13ae0f33_799x533.jpeg" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5Yfs!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F300a7f84-d90d-4982-aa72-f7ca13ae0f33_799x533.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5Yfs!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F300a7f84-d90d-4982-aa72-f7ca13ae0f33_799x533.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5Yfs!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F300a7f84-d90d-4982-aa72-f7ca13ae0f33_799x533.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5Yfs!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F300a7f84-d90d-4982-aa72-f7ca13ae0f33_799x533.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5Yfs!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F300a7f84-d90d-4982-aa72-f7ca13ae0f33_799x533.jpeg" width="799" height="533" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/300a7f84-d90d-4982-aa72-f7ca13ae0f33_799x533.jpeg&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:533,&quot;width&quot;:799,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:60909,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/jpeg&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.etkisine.com/i/184010920?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F300a7f84-d90d-4982-aa72-f7ca13ae0f33_799x533.jpeg&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5Yfs!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F300a7f84-d90d-4982-aa72-f7ca13ae0f33_799x533.jpeg 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5Yfs!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F300a7f84-d90d-4982-aa72-f7ca13ae0f33_799x533.jpeg 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5Yfs!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F300a7f84-d90d-4982-aa72-f7ca13ae0f33_799x533.jpeg 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!5Yfs!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F300a7f84-d90d-4982-aa72-f7ca13ae0f33_799x533.jpeg 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p></p><p>ABD Ba&#351;kan&#305; Donald Trump, Washington&#8217;un 66 uluslararas&#305; &#246;rg&#252;t ve mekanizmadan &#231;ekilmesini ve bu yap&#305;lara sa&#287;lanan fonlar&#305;n durdurulmas&#305;n&#305; emreden bir ba&#351;kanl&#305;k muht&#305;ras&#305; imzalad&#305;. Listede 31 BM kurumu, geri kalan&#305;nda ise iklim, bilim, ticaret ve g&#252;venlik alanlar&#305;nda faaliyet g&#246;steren &#231;ok tarafl&#305; yap&#305;lar var. Beyaz Saray&#8217;&#305;n mesaj&#305; a&#231;&#305;k: &#8220;mesaj&#305; net: &#8220;Amerikan &#231;&#305;karlar&#305;na hizmet etmeyen k&#252;resel yap&#305;larla i&#351;imiz yok.&#8221;</p><p>Ama mesele tam da burada ba&#351;l&#305;yor. &#199;&#252;nk&#252; bu karar, tek tek kurumlarla ilgili teknik bir de&#287;erlendirmeden &#231;ok daha fazlas&#305;n&#305; anlat&#305;yor. ABD, II. D&#252;nya Sava&#351;&#305;&#8217;ndan sonra bizzat kurdu&#287;u &#231;ok tarafl&#305; d&#252;zenle aras&#305;na mesafe koyuyor. &#220;stelik bunu &#8220;reform&#8221; ederek de&#287;il, &#231;ekilerek yap&#305;yor.</p><p>Listede yer alan kurumlara bakt&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305;zda resim daha da netle&#351;iyor. &#304;klimden ticarete, kalk&#305;nmadan demokrasiye uzanan geni&#351; bir yelpaze var. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, UN Conference on Trade and Development, BM&#8217;nin ekonomik ve sosyal politika &#252;reten birimleri ve hatta k&#252;resel iklim biliminin omurgas&#305; say&#305;lan Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change bu karardan do&#287;rudan etkileniyor. Beyaz Saray&#8217;a g&#246;re bu kurumlar &#8220;k&#252;reselci&#8221;, &#8220;ideolojik&#8221; ve &#8220;verimsiz&#8221;. Trump y&#246;netimi, Amerikan vergi m&#252;kelleflerinin paras&#305;n&#305;n bu yap&#305;larda &#8220;bo&#351;a harcand&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305;&#8221; savunuyor.</p><p>K&#226;&#287;&#305;t &#252;zerinde bak&#305;nca arg&#252;man basit: Para veriyorsun, kar&#351;&#305;l&#305;&#287;&#305;nda somut fayda g&#246;rm&#252;yorsun. O zaman &#231;ekil. Ama uluslararas&#305; sistem, &#351;irket bilan&#231;olar&#305; gibi &#231;al&#305;&#351;m&#305;yor. Bu kurumlara verilen para sadece &#8220;yard&#305;m&#8221; ya da &#8220;ba&#287;&#305;&#351;&#8221; de&#287;il; etki sat&#305;n alma bedeli. ABD, bu masalarda oturarak g&#252;ndemi &#351;ekillendiriyor, dili belirliyor, kimi zaman yava&#351;lat&#305;yor, kimi zaman h&#305;zland&#305;r&#305;yordu. Masadan kalkt&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305;zda cebinizden daha az para &#231;&#305;kabilir, ama oyunun kontrol&#252; de elinizden gider.</p><p>Trump y&#246;netiminin bu tercihi asl&#305;nda yeni de&#287;il. Paris &#304;klim Anla&#351;mas&#305;&#8217;ndan &#231;&#305;k&#305;&#351;, D&#252;nya Sa&#287;l&#305;k &#214;rg&#252;t&#252;&#8217;yle kopu&#351;, BM &#304;nsan Haklar&#305; Konseyi&#8217;ne kap&#305;lar&#305;n kapanmas&#305;&#8230; Bunlar&#305;n hepsi ayn&#305; &#231;izginin par&#231;alar&#305;yd&#305;. &#350;imdi fark &#351;u: Bu &#231;izgi art&#305;k istisna de&#287;il, sistem haline geliyor. Tek tek anla&#351;malardan de&#287;il, bir b&#252;t&#252;n olarak &#231;ok tarafl&#305; mimariden uzakla&#351;ma s&#246;z konusu.</p><p>Bu durum &#246;zellikle iklim ve bilim alan&#305;nda ciddi soru i&#351;aretleri yarat&#305;yor. IPCC gibi yap&#305;lar, devlet b&#252;t&#231;eleriyle de&#287;il, d&#252;nyan&#305;n d&#246;rt bir yan&#305;ndan bilim insanlar&#305;n&#305;n katk&#305;s&#305;yla ayakta duran platformlar. ABD&#8217;li ara&#351;t&#305;rmac&#305;lar&#305;n s&#252;recin d&#305;&#351;&#305;na itilmesi, raporlar&#305;n gecikmesi ya da etkisinin azalmas&#305; ihtimalini do&#287;uruyor. Bu da sadece bir &#252;lkenin de&#287;il, t&#252;m d&#252;nyan&#305;n bilgi pusulas&#305;n&#305; bulan&#305;kla&#351;t&#305;r&#305;yor.</p><p>M&#252;ttefiklerin tedirginli&#287;i de buradan kaynaklan&#305;yor. &#199;&#252;nk&#252; &#231;ok tarafl&#305; sistem kusurlu olsa da &#246;ng&#246;r&#252;lebilirdi. Kurallar&#305;, ritmi ve s&#305;n&#305;rlar&#305; vard&#305;. ABD&#8217;nin bu &#246;l&#231;ekte geri &#231;ekilmesi, sistemde bo&#351;luklar yarat&#305;yor. Ve uluslararas&#305; siyasette bo&#351;luklar nadiren bo&#351; kal&#305;r. O alanlar, ba&#351;ka g&#252;&#231;ler taraf&#305;ndan doldurulur.</p><p>Belki de en kritik soru &#351;u: Bu kararlar geri d&#246;nd&#252;r&#252;lebilir mi? Hukuken gri bir alan var. ABD Anayasas&#305;, anla&#351;malara nas&#305;l girilece&#287;ini tarif ediyor ama nas&#305;l &#231;&#305;k&#305;laca&#287;&#305;n&#305; net bi&#231;imde d&#252;zenlemiyor. Yani bug&#252;nk&#252; &#231;ekilme, yar&#305;n kolayca &#8220;pardon&#8221; denilerek tersine &#231;evrilebilecek bir ad&#305;m olmayabilir. Bu da karar&#305; ge&#231;ici bir siyasi jestten ziyade, yap&#305;sal bir k&#305;r&#305;lma haline getiriyor.</p><p>O y&#252;zden bu haberi &#8220;ABD &#351;u kurumlardan ayr&#305;ld&#305;&#8221; diye okumak eksik kal&#305;yor. As&#305;l mesele &#351;u: ABD, k&#252;resel d&#252;zeni i&#231;eriden &#351;ekillendirmek yerine, d&#305;&#351;ar&#305;dan izlemeyi &#8211; hatta baz&#305; alanlarda tamamen yok saymay&#305; &#8211; tercih ediyor.</p><p>ABD bug&#252;n baz&#305; kurumlar&#305;n b&#252;t&#231;esini kesti&#287;ini s&#246;yl&#252;yor. Oysa ger&#231;ekte yapt&#305;&#287;&#305; &#351;ey, yetmi&#351; y&#305;l&#305; a&#351;k&#305;n s&#252;redir par&#231;as&#305; oldu&#287;u bir oyundan bilin&#231;li olarak &#231;ekilmek. &#199;ok tarafl&#305; sistem kusurluydu, yava&#351;t&#305;, zaman zaman ikiy&#252;zl&#252;yd&#252;; ama ABD o kusurlar&#305;n i&#231;inde s&#246;z sahibiydi. &#350;imdi o s&#246;z hakk&#305;ndan vazge&#231;iyor.</p><p>Bu kurumlar kapanmayacak. BM da&#287;&#305;lmayacak. &#304;klim raporlar&#305; yaz&#305;lmaya, ticaret kurallar&#305; tart&#305;&#351;&#305;lmaya, krizler y&#246;netilmeye devam edecek. Sadece ABD, art&#305;k o masada olmayacak. </p><p>Belki bu geri &#231;ekilme Washington i&#231;in k&#305;sa vadede bir &#8220;rahatlama&#8221; hissi yaratacak. Daha az para, daha az diplomasi, daha az sorumluluk. Ama uzun vadede bunun ad&#305; tasarruf de&#287;il; etki kayb&#305;. G&#252;&#231;, sadece askeri ya da ekonomik kapasiteyle de&#287;il, kurallar&#305; kimlerin yazd&#305;&#287;&#305;yla &#246;l&#231;&#252;l&#252;r. ABD bug&#252;n o kalemi masan&#305;n ortas&#305;nda b&#305;rak&#305;yor.</p><p>Ve as&#305;l soru &#351;u:</p><p>Bu kalemi kim alacak?</p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Bankacılıkta Yazılım Mühendisliği: Deniz Ural Deneyimlerini Paylaştı]]></title><description><![CDATA[AB-ilan / Podcast Haber &#8212; Etkisi Ne? podcast&#8217;inin yeni b&#246;l&#252;m&#252;nde Gizem &#304;rem Kad&#305;o&#287;lu, bankac&#305;l&#305;k sekt&#246;r&#252;nde yaz&#305;l&#305;m m&#252;hendisli&#287;i deneyimini Deniz Ural ile konu&#351;tu.]]></description><link>https://www.etkisine.com/p/bankaclkta-yazlm-muhendisligi-deniz</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.etkisine.com/p/bankaclkta-yazlm-muhendisligi-deniz</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Gizem İrem Kadıoğlu]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Wed, 05 Nov 2025 07:53:11 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://api.substack.com/feed/podcast/178059949/bd1d36d320b26748fd121c4217091928.mp3" length="0" type="audio/mpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><strong>AB-ilan / Podcast Haber</strong> &#8212; <em>Etkisi Ne?</em> podcast&#8217;inin yeni b&#246;l&#252;m&#252;nde <strong>Gizem &#304;rem Kad&#305;o&#287;lu</strong>, bankac&#305;l&#305;k sekt&#246;r&#252;nde yaz&#305;l&#305;m m&#252;hendisli&#287;i deneyimini <strong>Deniz Ural</strong> ile konu&#351;tu. Ural, g&#252;nl&#252;k i&#351; rutininden ekip &#231;al&#305;&#351;mas&#305;na, kullan&#305;lan teknolojilerden yapay zek&#226;n&#305;n etkisine kadar pek &#231;ok ba&#351;l&#305;kta somut &#246;rnekler payla&#351;t&#305;. </p><p>B&#246;l&#252;m, yaz&#305;l&#305;m m&#252;hendisli&#287;ini d&#252;&#351;&#252;nen gen&#231;lere staj/ilk i&#351; aray&#305;&#351;&#305; ve beceri geli&#351;tirme konusunda pratik &#246;neriler de sunuyor. </p><p></p><p></p><p></p><p></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Jean Monnet Bursu: Başvuru Süreci, Sınav ve Yurt Dışı Yüksek Lisans Deneyimi]]></title><description><![CDATA[Jean Monnet bursiyeri &#304;rem Denizeri ile S&#246;yle&#351;i]]></description><link>https://www.etkisine.com/p/jean-monnet-bursu-basvuru-sureci</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.etkisine.com/p/jean-monnet-bursu-basvuru-sureci</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Gizem İrem Kadıoğlu]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Tue, 12 Aug 2025 11:58:39 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://api.substack.com/feed/podcast/170771843/ea6b3050f39fbaf9a2e2cb110f153b69.mp3" length="0" type="audio/mpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>&#127897; <strong>Etkisi Ne? Podcast</strong>&#8217;in bu b&#246;l&#252;m&#252;nde Jean Monnet bursiyeri <strong>&#304;rem Denizeri</strong> ile Avrupa Birli&#287;i taraf&#305;ndan desteklenen <strong>Jean Monnet Burs Program&#305;</strong>n&#305;n t&#252;m detaylar&#305;n&#305; konu&#351;uyoruz.<br>Ba&#351;vuru s&#252;reci, s&#305;nav haz&#305;rl&#305;klar&#305;, AB m&#252;ktesebat&#305; se&#231;imi, yurt d&#305;&#351;&#305;nda e&#287;itim ve farkl&#305; &#351;ehirlerde ya&#351;ama deneyimleri&#8230;</p><p>&#128161; <strong>Bu b&#246;l&#252;mde neler var?</strong></p><ul><li><p>Jean Monnet Bursu nedir, kimler ba&#351;vurabilir?</p></li><li><p>Ba&#351;vuru s&#252;reci ve gerekli belgeler</p></li><li><p>Yaz&#305;l&#305; s&#305;nav ve m&#252;lakat ipu&#231;lar&#305;</p></li><li><p>AB m&#252;ktesebat&#305; (chapter) se&#231;imi</p></li><li><p>Yurt d&#305;&#351;&#305;nda ya&#351;am ve y&#252;ksek lisans deneyimi</p></li><li><p>AB&#8217;ye bak&#305;&#351; a&#231;&#305;s&#305;nda bursun etkileri</p></li></ul><p>&#128204; <strong>Jean Monnet Bursu</strong> ile Avrupa&#8217;da y&#252;ksek lisans yapmak isteyenler i&#231;in ilham dolu bir sohbet sizi bekliyor!</p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Berlin’de Yüksek Lisans: Almanya’da Burssuz Okumak ve Çalışma Hayatını Derin Öztürk ile Konuştuk]]></title><description><![CDATA[AB-ilan ailesinin &#8220;Etkisi Ne?&#8221; podcast serisi, bu hafta Almanya&#8217;da y&#252;ksek lisans yapan gen&#231;lerin merakla takip edece&#287;i bir b&#246;l&#252;me imza att&#305;.]]></description><link>https://www.etkisine.com/p/berlinde-yuksek-lisans-almanyada</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.etkisine.com/p/berlinde-yuksek-lisans-almanyada</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Gizem İrem Kadıoğlu]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Wed, 09 Jul 2025 09:56:09 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://api.substack.com/feed/podcast/167892148/c87108b86e9e6707a24b39aa27da02e4.mp3" length="0" type="audio/mpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>AB-ilan ailesinin <strong>&#8220;Etkisi Ne?&#8221;</strong> podcast serisi, bu hafta Almanya&#8217;da y&#252;ksek lisans yapan gen&#231;lerin merakla takip edece&#287;i bir b&#246;l&#252;me imza att&#305;. Program&#305;n sunucusu Gizem &#304;rem Kad&#305;o&#287;lu, Berlin&#8217;de Freie &#220;niversitesi&#8217;nde Siyaset Bilimi y&#252;ksek lisans&#305; yapan Derin &#214;zt&#252;rk&#8217;&#252; a&#287;&#305;rlad&#305;.</p><p>&#127897; <strong>Berlin&#8217;de e&#287;itim, ya&#351;am ve &#231;al&#305;&#351;ma &#252;zerine samimi bir sohbet</strong><br>Podcast b&#246;l&#252;m&#252;nde Derin, Almanya&#8217;da burssuz bir &#351;ekilde y&#252;ksek lisans yapma s&#252;recini t&#252;m i&#231;tenli&#287;iyle anlatt&#305;. Bloke hesap a&#231;maktan, Berlin&#8217;de kira bulmaya, haftada 19 saat &#231;al&#305;&#351;man&#305;n getirdi&#287;i yo&#287;un tempodan Almanca &#246;&#287;renmenin zorluklar&#305;na kadar pek &#231;ok konuda &#246;nemli bilgiler payla&#351;t&#305;.</p><blockquote><p>&#8220;Yaln&#305;z olmak, her &#351;eyi tek ba&#351;&#305;na yapmak en &#231;ok zorlayan &#351;eydi. Ama yine olsa yine bu yola girerdim.&#8221;</p></blockquote><p>&#127919; <strong>Dil bariyeri, k&#252;lt&#252;rel farklar ve i&#351; hayat&#305;</strong><br>Podcastte, Almanya&#8217;da &#246;&#287;renci olarak i&#351; bulman&#305;n zorluklar&#305;, Almanca bilmenin &#246;nemi ve Berlin&#8217;de hizmet sekt&#246;r&#252;nde yo&#287;unla&#351;an &#246;&#287;renci i&#351;leri de masaya yat&#305;r&#305;ld&#305;. Derin ayr&#305;ca, Pazar g&#252;nleri her yerin kapal&#305; olmas&#305;, ak&#351;am yemeklerinin so&#287;uk sandvi&#231;lerle ge&#231;mesi gibi T&#252;rkiye&#8217;den olduk&#231;a farkl&#305; k&#252;lt&#252;rel detaylar&#305; da payla&#351;t&#305;.</p><p>&#128161; <strong>Gen&#231;lere tavsiyeler: &#8220;Konfor alan&#305;n&#305;zdan &#231;&#305;kmaktan korkmay&#305;n.&#8221;</strong><br>Derin program&#305;n sonunda Almanya&#8217;da e&#287;itim ve ya&#351;am d&#252;&#351;&#252;nen gen&#231;lere &#351;u tavsiyeyi verdi:</p><blockquote><p>&#8220;B1 seviyesinde bile olsa dili &#246;&#287;renin, konfor alan&#305;n&#305;zdan &#231;&#305;kmaktan korkmay&#305;n. Evet yaln&#305;z kalacaks&#305;n&#305;z, zorlanacaks&#305;n&#305;z ama bir s&#252;re sonra insan her &#351;eye al&#305;&#351;&#305;yor.&#8221;</p></blockquote><p></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Eko Gelecek Hibe Programı - Türkiye'de iklim krizi ve biyolojik çeşitliliğe yönelik sivil toplum faaliyetlerinin geleceği ]]></title><description><![CDATA[Konuk: Mehmet G&#246;lge &#8211; Eko Gelecek Proje Y&#246;neticisi, UNDP T&#252;rkiye]]></description><link>https://www.etkisine.com/p/eko-gelecek-hibe-program-turkiyede</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.etkisine.com/p/eko-gelecek-hibe-program-turkiyede</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Huseyin Akturk]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Fri, 20 Jun 2025 12:07:13 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://api.substack.com/feed/podcast/166391762/fc5e8148f0743c2f53d53fe1a15959e9.mp3" length="0" type="audio/mpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div><hr></div><p><strong>B&#246;l&#252;m Hakk&#305;nda:</strong><br>Bu b&#246;l&#252;mde, Avrupa Birli&#287;i taraf&#305;ndan finanse edilen ve UNDP T&#252;rkiye taraf&#305;ndan y&#252;r&#252;t&#252;len <strong>Eko Gelecek Hibe Program&#305;</strong>n&#305;n arka plan&#305;n&#305;, hedeflerini ve stratejik vizyonunu ele al&#305;yoruz. Program, T&#252;rkiye&#8217;de sivil toplumun iklim de&#287;i&#351;ikli&#287;iyle m&#252;cadele ve biyolojik &#231;e&#351;itlili&#287;in korunmas&#305; alanlar&#305;nda daha etkin ve kurumsal olarak daha g&#252;&#231;l&#252; hale gelmesini ama&#231;l&#305;yor.</p><p>Program&#305;n yaln&#305;zca bir fonlama mekanizmas&#305; de&#287;il, ayn&#305; zamanda bir <strong>kurumsal kapasite g&#252;&#231;lendirme</strong>, <strong>etki odakl&#305; d&#246;n&#252;&#351;&#252;m</strong> ve <strong>uzun vadeli stratejik ortakl&#305;k geli&#351;tirme</strong> arac&#305; olarak kurgulanm&#305;&#351; olmas&#305;, bu b&#246;l&#252;m&#252; dinlemeyi &#246;zellikle &#246;nemli k&#305;l&#305;yor.</p><div><hr></div><p><strong>Podcast&#8217;te Ele Al&#305;nan Temel Konular:</strong></p><ul><li><p>Program&#305;n di&#287;er AB destekli mekanizmalardan fark&#305; nedir?</p></li><li><p>Hedef gruplar ve uygunluk kriterleri nas&#305;l tan&#305;mland&#305;?</p></li><li><p>T&#252;rkiye&#8217;de &#231;evre temal&#305; STK&#8217;lar&#305;n mevcut kapasite durumu</p></li><li><p>Program&#305;n tasar&#305;m s&#252;recinde izlenen dan&#305;&#351;ma ve kat&#305;l&#305;m y&#246;ntemleri</p></li><li><p>De&#287;erlendirme s&#252;recinde dikkate al&#305;nacak temel ilkeler</p></li><li><p>Be&#351; y&#305;l sonra bu program&#305;n etkisi nas&#305;l &#246;l&#231;&#252;lmeli?</p></li></ul><div><hr></div><p><strong>Kimler Dinlemeli?</strong></p><ul><li><p>&#304;klim ve &#231;evre alan&#305;nda &#231;al&#305;&#351;an sivil toplum temsilcileri</p></li><li><p>Proje geli&#351;tirme ve fon y&#246;netimi alan&#305;nda uzmanlar</p></li><li><p>Kalk&#305;nma ajanslar&#305;, yerel y&#246;netimler ve kamu kurumlar&#305;</p></li><li><p>AB fonlar&#305;yla &#231;al&#305;&#351;an dan&#305;&#351;manlar ve politika yap&#305;c&#305;lar</p></li><li><p>Sosyal etki, kat&#305;l&#305;mc&#305;l&#305;k ve toplumsal d&#246;n&#252;&#351;&#252;mle ilgilenen t&#252;m dinleyiciler</p></li></ul><div><hr></div><p><strong>B&#246;l&#252;m Notu:</strong><br>Program&#305;n rehberi, ba&#351;vuru takvimi ve ba&#351;vuru s&#252;reciyle ilgili detayl&#305; bilgiler i&#231;in:<br>&#128279; <a href="https://www.ekogelecek.org">www.ekogelecek.org</a><br></p><div><hr></div><p>Bu i&#231;erik, bir hibe program&#305;ndan &#231;ok daha fazlas&#305;n&#305; merak eden herkes i&#231;in haz&#305;rland&#305;.<br><em>Etkisi Ne?</em> podcasti olarak, toplumsal etkisi y&#252;ksek projelerin, kararlar&#305;n ve politikalar&#305;n izini s&#252;rmeye devam ediyoruz.</p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Soykırımın Son Halkası: Gazze İnsani Yardım Vakfı ile Kurulan Tuzak]]></title><description><![CDATA[Endgame for Genocide - The Last Trap Set with the Gaza Humanitarian Aid Foundation]]></description><link>https://www.etkisine.com/p/soykrmn-son-halkas-gazze-insani-yardm</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.etkisine.com/p/soykrmn-son-halkas-gazze-insani-yardm</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Huseyin Akturk]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Mon, 02 Jun 2025 10:36:52 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!s0SI!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F780b9a83-41a7-4a25-b3fd-5876ec28fe02_1456x1048.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!s0SI!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F780b9a83-41a7-4a25-b3fd-5876ec28fe02_1456x1048.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!s0SI!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F780b9a83-41a7-4a25-b3fd-5876ec28fe02_1456x1048.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!s0SI!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F780b9a83-41a7-4a25-b3fd-5876ec28fe02_1456x1048.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!s0SI!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F780b9a83-41a7-4a25-b3fd-5876ec28fe02_1456x1048.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!s0SI!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F780b9a83-41a7-4a25-b3fd-5876ec28fe02_1456x1048.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!s0SI!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F780b9a83-41a7-4a25-b3fd-5876ec28fe02_1456x1048.png" width="1456" height="1048" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/780b9a83-41a7-4a25-b3fd-5876ec28fe02_1456x1048.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:1048,&quot;width&quot;:1456,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:2406579,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.etkisine.com/i/164989762?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F780b9a83-41a7-4a25-b3fd-5876ec28fe02_1456x1048.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!s0SI!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F780b9a83-41a7-4a25-b3fd-5876ec28fe02_1456x1048.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!s0SI!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F780b9a83-41a7-4a25-b3fd-5876ec28fe02_1456x1048.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!s0SI!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F780b9a83-41a7-4a25-b3fd-5876ec28fe02_1456x1048.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!s0SI!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F780b9a83-41a7-4a25-b3fd-5876ec28fe02_1456x1048.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>2025 &#350;ubat&#8217;&#305;nda ABD (Delaware) ve &#304;svi&#231;re (Cenevre) merkezli iki &#351;irket taraf&#305;ndan &#304;svi&#231;re&#8217;de kurulan <em>Gaza Humanitarian Foundation</em> (Gazze &#304;nsani Yard&#305;m Vakf&#305;), Gazze'deki insani yard&#305;m sistemini &#304;srail&#8217;in istedi&#287;i &#351;ekilde d&#246;n&#252;&#351;t&#252;rmeyi hedefleyen yeni bir &#246;zel kurulu&#351; olarak sahneye &#231;&#305;kt&#305;. Ancak daha ilk haftas&#305;nda bu giri&#351;im, uluslararas&#305; insani yard&#305;m ilkelerine a&#231;&#305;k&#231;a ayk&#305;r&#305; oldu&#287;u gerek&#231;esiyle sert ele&#351;tirilerin oda&#287;&#305;na yerle&#351;ti.</p><p>Vakf&#305;n en dikkat &#231;ekici y&#246;n&#252;, yard&#305;m faaliyetlerini Birle&#351;mi&#351; Milletler ya da di&#287;er ba&#287;&#305;ms&#305;z kurulu&#351;larla de&#287;il, do&#287;rudan &#304;srail ve ABD destekli silahl&#305; &#246;zel g&#252;venlik &#351;irketleri arac&#305;l&#305;&#287;&#305;yla y&#252;r&#252;tmesiydi. Yard&#305;m&#305;n da&#287;&#305;t&#305;m s&#252;reci, askeri g&#252;venlik &#246;nlemleriyle &#231;evrelenmi&#351;, tek tarafl&#305; bir operasyon modeline d&#246;n&#252;&#351;t&#252;r&#252;ld&#252;.</p><p>Vakf&#305;n kurucu direkt&#246;r&#252; Jake Wood, 25 May&#305;s 2025&#8217;te, yard&#305;m da&#287;&#305;t&#305;m operasyonlar&#305;n&#305;n ba&#351;lamas&#305;ndan hemen &#246;nce istifa etti. Gerek&#231;esi netti: yard&#305;m modelinin &#8220;insani ilkelerle ba&#287;da&#351;mad&#305;&#287;&#305;&#8221;n&#305; s&#246;yl&#252;yordu. Bu &#231;&#305;k&#305;&#351;, vakf&#305;n i&#231;inden gelen en g&#252;&#231;l&#252; uyar&#305; olarak kayda ge&#231;ti.</p><p><strong>Refah&#8217;ta Bir Nokta: Hayatta Kalmak &#304;&#231;in 2,5 Saatlik Y&#252;r&#252;y&#252;&#351;</strong></p><p>Vakf&#305;n yard&#305;m da&#287;&#305;t&#305;m&#305;, Gazze&#8217;nin en g&#252;neyinde, Refah s&#305;n&#305;r&#305;na yak&#305;n bir merkezde ger&#231;ekle&#351;iyor. Bu noktaya ula&#351;abilmek i&#231;in Gazzelilerin yakla&#351;&#305;k 2,5 saat y&#252;r&#252;meleri gerekiyor ve bu s&#252;re&#231;te bir&#231;ok &#304;srail kontrol noktas&#305;ndan ge&#231;meleri isteniyor. Da&#287;&#305;t&#305;m merkezleri a&#287;&#305;r silahl&#305; g&#252;venlik g&#246;revlileriyle &#231;evrili.</p><p>Yard&#305;mlar, kalabal&#305;k gruplara, merkezi bir noktada da&#287;&#305;t&#305;l&#305;yor. Ancak yard&#305;m alma s&#252;reci de politize edilmi&#351; durumda. Hamas ile ba&#287;lant&#305;l&#305; oldu&#287;u iddia edilen ki&#351;ilere yard&#305;m verilmedi&#287;i gibi, baz&#305;lar&#305; silahl&#305; g&#246;revliler taraf&#305;ndan g&#246;zalt&#305;na al&#305;n&#305;yor. Bu durum, yard&#305;m&#305;n siyasalla&#351;t&#305;r&#305;ld&#305;&#287;&#305; ve hatta kriminalize edildi&#287;i bir sistemin yerle&#351;ti&#287;ine i&#351;aret ediyor.</p><p><strong>&#8220;Hayatta Kalmak Bir Ayr&#305;cal&#305;k Haline Getirildi&#8221;</strong></p><p>Birle&#351;mi&#351; Milletler yetkilisi Jonathan Whittall, 28 May&#305;s tarihli bas&#305;n toplant&#305;s&#305;nda bu sistemi &#351;&#246;yle ele&#351;tirdi:</p><p><em>&#8220;Silahl&#305; da&#287;&#305;t&#305;m merkezleriyle verilen mesaj nettir: Gazze&#8217;de hayatta kalmak, askeri planlara uyum sa&#287;layanlara bah&#351;edilmi&#351; bir ayr&#305;cal&#305;kt&#305;r.&#8221;</em></p><p>Bu s&#246;zler, uluslararas&#305; yard&#305;m sisteminin maruz kald&#305;&#287;&#305; d&#246;n&#252;&#351;&#252;m&#252;n ne kadar tehlikeli bir e&#351;i&#287;e geldi&#287;ini de g&#246;zler &#246;n&#252;ne seriyor.</p><p><strong>&#304;lk G&#252;n: Kur&#351;unlar, &#199;itler, A&#231;l&#305;k</strong></p><p>27 May&#305;s&#8217;ta, yard&#305;m&#305;n da&#287;&#305;t&#305;ld&#305;&#287;&#305; ilk tam g&#252;n, da&#287;&#305;t&#305;m merkezine yak&#305;n b&#246;lgelerde en az 50 ki&#351;inin vurularak yaraland&#305;&#287;&#305;, 6 ki&#351;inin de hayat&#305;n&#305; kaybetti&#287;i bildirildi. Vak&#305;f yetkilileri ayn&#305; g&#252;n kamuoyuna, &#8220;hi&#231; kimsenin yaralanmad&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305;&#8221; iddia eden bir a&#231;&#305;klama g&#246;nderdi. Ancak olay an&#305;na ait g&#246;r&#252;nt&#252;ler, ger&#231;ekli&#287;i t&#252;m &#231;&#305;plakl&#305;&#287;&#305;yla ortaya koyuyordu.</p><p>Y&#252;zlerce insan, &#231;itlerin &#252;zerinden atlayarak yard&#305;m paketlerine ula&#351;maya &#231;al&#305;&#351;&#305;rken &#252;zerlerine ate&#351; a&#231;&#305;ld&#305;&#287;&#305;na dair kay&#305;tlar uluslararas&#305; bas&#305;na yans&#305;d&#305;. &#304;&#231;inde yaln&#305;zca 2&#8211;3 g&#252;n yetecek kadar yiyecek bulunan yard&#305;m kolilerinin bu &#351;ekilde da&#287;&#305;t&#305;lmas&#305;, insani yard&#305;m&#305;n do&#287;as&#305;na ayk&#305;r&#305; oldu&#287;u gibi, insanl&#305;k onurunu da zedeliyor.</p><p><strong>Yard&#305;m&#305;n Askerile&#351;tirilmesi: Ad&#305;m Ad&#305;m Tasarlanm&#305;&#351; Bir Plan</strong></p><p>Bu tablo, rastlant&#305;sal bir kriz y&#246;netiminden ibaret de&#287;il. Tam tersine, ad&#305;m ad&#305;m ilerleyen bir stratejinin son halkas&#305; gibi g&#246;r&#252;n&#252;yor:</p><ol><li><p>Gazze halk&#305; tar&#305;m yap&#305;labilen topraklardan uzakla&#351;t&#305;r&#305;ld&#305;.</p></li><li><p>Bal&#305;k&#231;&#305;l&#305;k faaliyetleri engellendi.</p></li><li><p>G&#305;da &#252;retimi tamamen durduruldu.</p></li><li><p>Yard&#305;m merkezleri, f&#305;r&#305;nlar ve konvoylar vuruldu.</p></li><li><p>Uluslararas&#305; kurulu&#351;lar&#305;n da&#287;&#305;t&#305;m kapasitesi hedef al&#305;nd&#305;.</p></li><li><p>UNRWA&#8217;ya kar&#351;&#305; sistematik bir itibars&#305;zla&#351;t&#305;rma kampanyas&#305; ba&#351;lat&#305;ld&#305;.</p></li><li><p>T&#252;m bu ad&#305;mlar&#305;n ard&#305;ndan, d&#305;&#351;ar&#305;dan gelen yard&#305;m neredeyse tamamen kesildi. &#350;imdi ise, sadece bir noktada, Refah yak&#305;nlar&#305;nda yard&#305;m da&#287;&#305;t&#305;l&#305;yor <br></p></li></ol><p>Bu durum, uluslararas&#305; hukukun tan&#305;mlad&#305;&#287;&#305; bi&#231;imiyle soyk&#305;r&#305;m&#305;n son evrelerine i&#351;aret ediyor olabilir. Daha da &#231;arp&#305;c&#305;s&#305;, benzer &#246;rnekleri tarihte a&#231;&#305;k&#231;a g&#246;r&#252;yoruz &#214;rne&#287;in Ruanda&#8217;da<strong> </strong>(1994): Soyk&#305;r&#305;mdan ka&#231;anlar&#305;n bulundu&#287;u kamplarda yard&#305;m, Hutu milislerin eline ge&#231;ti ve yeniden yap&#305;lanma i&#231;in kullan&#305;ld&#305;. Yard&#305;m, su&#231;lular&#305;n g&#252;c&#252;n&#252; art&#305;ran bir araca d&#246;n&#252;&#351;t&#252;. Bosna&#8217;da ise (1992&#8211;1995): BM'nin &#8220;g&#252;venli b&#246;lge&#8221; ilan etti&#287;i yerlerde dahi yard&#305;m&#305;n da&#287;&#305;t&#305;m&#305; S&#305;rp g&#252;&#231;lerinin iznine tabi tutuldu. Sivil halk, yard&#305;m alabilmek i&#231;in politik talepleri kabul etmeye zorland&#305;.</p><p>Bu &#246;rneklerde insani yard&#305;m Siyasi kontrol arac&#305;na, teslimiyetin &#246;d&#252;l&#252;ne ve hatta bazen soyk&#305;r&#305;m faillerinin yeniden &#246;rg&#252;tlenme kayna&#287;&#305;na d&#246;n&#252;&#351;t&#252;.</p><p>Bug&#252;n Gazze&#8217;de ya&#351;anan, benzer &#351;ekilde yard&#305;m&#305;n yaln&#305;zca belirli ko&#351;ullarla verildi&#287;i, da&#287;&#305;t&#305;m&#305;n silahl&#305; gruplarca yap&#305;ld&#305;&#287;&#305;, uluslararas&#305; akt&#246;rlerin sistem d&#305;&#351;&#305;na itildi&#287;i bir tabloyu and&#305;r&#305;yor. Bu da insani yard&#305;m&#305;n &#8220;askerile&#351;tirilmesi&#8221; s&#252;recinin, yaln&#305;zca bir lojistik de&#287;il, ayn&#305; zamanda bir <strong>politik ve stratejik ara&#231;</strong> haline geldi&#287;ini g&#246;steriyor.</p><p><strong>UNRWA&#8217;ya Kar&#351;&#305; Y&#252;r&#252;t&#252;len Karalama Kampanyas&#305;</strong></p><p>Ancak bu s&#252;recin sorumlulu&#287;unu yaln&#305;zca &#304;srail ve Amerika Birle&#351;ik Devletleri&#8217;ne y&#252;klemek eksik bir okuma olur. Yakla&#351;&#305;k iki y&#305;ld&#305;r devam eden bu planl&#305; y&#305;k&#305;m&#305;n hem finans&#246;r&#252; hem de destek&#231;isi konumunda olan bir&#231;ok &#252;lke, ya&#351;anan felaketin ortaya &#231;&#305;kmas&#305;nda do&#287;rudan rol oynad&#305;.</p><p>S&#252;recin ba&#351;lar&#305;nda, UNRWA personelinin 7 Ekim sald&#305;r&#305;lar&#305;na aktif olarak kat&#305;ld&#305;&#287;&#305; iddialar&#305; ortaya at&#305;ld&#305;. Bu dayana&#287;&#305; zay&#305;f iddia, aralar&#305;nda ABD&#8217;nin de bulundu&#287;u bir&#231;ok &#252;lkenin UNRWA&#8217;ya y&#246;nelik t&#252;m finansal deste&#287;ini kesmesine neden oldu. Oysa bu su&#231;lamalar&#305;n temelsiz oldu&#287;u, Fransa&#8217;n&#305;n eski D&#305;&#351;i&#351;leri Bakan&#305; Catherine Colonna liderli&#287;inde y&#252;r&#252;t&#252;len ba&#287;&#305;ms&#305;z bir uluslararas&#305; g&#246;zlem raporuyla (Colonna Raporu) ortaya kondu. Bu raporun ard&#305;ndan baz&#305; &#252;lkeler desteklerini yeniden ba&#351;latt&#305;, ancak ayn&#305; &#252;lkelerin &#304;srail&#8217;e y&#246;nelik herhangi bir yapt&#305;r&#305;m uygulamad&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305; &#8212;aksine askeri i&#351; birliklerini s&#252;rd&#252;rd&#252;klerini&#8212; g&#246;rmeye devam ettik.</p><p><strong>&#8220;Git ya da Kal ve &#214;l&#8221;: Etnik Bir Temizlik</strong></p><p>Bug&#252;n yard&#305;m&#305;n yaln&#305;zca Refah s&#305;n&#305;r&#305;na yak&#305;n, M&#305;s&#305;r&#8217;a kom&#351;u tek bir noktada topland&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305; g&#246;r&#252;yoruz. Gazzelilerin hayatta kalmak i&#231;in buraya gitmeye zorlanmas&#305;, bu ad&#305;m&#305;n spontane de&#287;il, bilin&#231;li olarak tasarlanm&#305;&#351; oldu&#287;unu a&#231;&#305;k&#231;a g&#246;steriyor. Bu tablo, soyk&#305;r&#305;m s&#252;recinin son halkas&#305; olarak kar&#351;&#305;m&#305;za &#231;&#305;k&#305;yor.</p><p>2025&#8217;te kurulan Gaza Humanitarian Foundation, Gazze'de yard&#305;m sistemini k&#246;kten de&#287;i&#351;tirmek i&#231;in sahneye &#231;&#305;kt&#305;. Ancak bu sistem, insanlar&#305; hayatta kalmak i&#231;in silahl&#305; kontrol noktalar&#305;na y&#252;r&#252;ten ve yard&#305;m&#305;n do&#287;as&#305;n&#305; siyasalla&#351;t&#305;ran bir mekanizmaya d&#246;n&#252;&#351;t&#252;. Bu tablo, tarihten tan&#305;d&#305;&#287;&#305;m&#305;z bir modelin yeni versiyonu olabilir: soyk&#305;r&#305;m&#305;n son halkas&#305;.</p><p>Bir g&#252;n bu s&#252;re&#231; yarg&#305;lanacak, sorumlular hakk&#305;nda h&#252;k&#252;mler verilecektir. Ancak tam da bu noktada, ya&#351;ananlar&#305;n ciddiyetini yeni fark etmi&#351; gibi davranarak bir anda pozisyon de&#287;i&#351;tiren, &#304;srail&#8217;in politikalar&#305;n&#305; "kabul edilemez" buldu&#287;unu beyan eden baz&#305; don&#246;r &#252;lkelerin ge&#231;mi&#351;teki destekleri unutulmamal&#305;. Uluslararas&#305; toplum, son dakikada &#8220;trenden atlayan&#8221; bu akt&#246;rlerin sorumluluktan ka&#231;mas&#305;na izin vermemeli.</p><p>Zira bu soyk&#305;r&#305;mda at&#305;lan her ad&#305;m&#305;n, verilen her deste&#287;in bir bedeli olmal&#305;d&#305;r.</p><p></p><p></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Batı’da İsrail’e Karşı Sabır Tükeniyor mu?]]></title><description><![CDATA[&#304;sral&#8217;in Filistin&#8217;e 2023 sonbahar&#305;ndan bu yana devam eden sald&#305;r&#305;lar&#305;na tepkiler art&#305;yor.]]></description><link>https://www.etkisine.com/p/batda-israile-kars-sabr-tukeniyor</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.etkisine.com/p/batda-israile-kars-sabr-tukeniyor</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Gizem İrem Kadıoğlu]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Thu, 29 May 2025 15:09:02 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/a4e7ae17-5101-451d-92ab-454336133c4b_840x600.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>&#304;sral&#8217;in Filistin&#8217;e 2023 sonbahar&#305;ndan bu yana devam eden sald&#305;r&#305;lar&#305;na tepkiler art&#305;yor. &#350;iddetin her ge&#231;en g&#252;n artmas&#305;yla birlikte, Netanyahu h&#252;k&#252;metine m&#252;ttefiklerinden de sert ele&#351;tiriler geliyor.</p><p>ABD, Birle&#351;ik Krall&#305;k Kanada ve Fransa gibi ge&#231;mi&#351;te &#304;sraile g&#252;&#231;l&#252; destek sunan &#252;lkeler, Netanyahu&#8217;nun sivillere y&#246;nelik sald&#305;r&#305;lar&#305; ve Gazze&#8217;deki insani kriz kar&#351;&#305;s&#305;nda &#304;srail H&#252;k&#252;metinin tutumunu sorgular hale geldi.</p><p>Netanyahu'nun Gazze'ye y&#246;nelik askeri operasyonlar&#305;, uluslararas&#305; hukukun s&#305;n&#305;rlar&#305;n&#305; zorlayan &#246;l&#231;ekte sivil kay&#305;plara yol a&#231;t&#305;. Bu durum, &#246;zellikle Biden y&#246;netimi nezdinde &#304;srail'e verilen "ko&#351;ulsuz destek" politikas&#305;n&#305;n sorgulanmas&#305;na neden oldu. Kanada, Fransa ve Avrupa Birli&#287;i (AB), &#304;srail'in orant&#305;s&#305;z g&#252;&#231; kullan&#305;m&#305;n&#305; ele&#351;tirirken, Birle&#351;ik Krall&#305;k kamuoyunda ve parlamentoda da benzer ele&#351;tiriler y&#252;kseldi.</p><p><strong>ABD B&#252;rokrasisinde &#304;lk &#199;atlak: Josh Paul&#8217;un &#304;stifas&#305;</strong></p><p>ABD D&#305;&#351;&#305;&#351;leri Bakanl&#305;&#287;&#305;&#8217;n&#305;n Siyasi-Askeri &#304;&#351;ler B&#252;rosunda g&#246;rev yapan Josh Paul, 2023 Ekim&#8217;inde istifa ederek, ABD&#8217;nin &#304;sraile verdi&#287;i deste&#287;i protesto etti.</p><p>Paul, ABD silahlar&#305;n&#305;n Gazze'de sivillere kar&#351;&#305; kullan&#305;lmas&#305;n&#305; etik bulmad&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305; ve bu durumun ABD'nin insan haklar&#305; ilkeleriyle &#231;eli&#351;ti&#287;ini belirtti. &#304;stifas&#305;, Washington'da &#304;srail politikalar&#305;na y&#246;nelik i&#231; b&#252;rokrasideki ilk a&#231;&#305;k muhalefet ad&#305;m&#305; olarak g&#246;r&#252;ld&#252;.</p><p><strong>Trump D&#246;nemi: Gerilen &#304;li&#351;kiler</strong></p><p>ABD Ba&#351;kan&#305; Donald Trump, ba&#351;kanl&#305;&#287;&#305; d&#246;neminde Netanyahu ile yak&#305;n ili&#351;kiler kurmu&#351; ve Kud&#252;s'&#252; &#304;srail'in ba&#351;kenti olarak tan&#305;yarak tarihi bir destek sunmu&#351;tu. Ancak 2025 y&#305;l&#305; itibar&#305;yla bu ikili ili&#351;kinin gerildi&#287;ini s&#246;ylemek m&#252;mk&#252;n. Trump, Netanyahu'nun Gazze sava&#351;&#305;n&#305; uzatma stratejisini a&#231;&#305;k&#231;a ele&#351;tiriyor ve bu sava&#351;&#305;n ABD'nin Orta Do&#287;u'daki yeni diplomatik hamlelerini sekteye u&#287;ratt&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305; d&#252;&#351;&#252;n&#252;yor.</p><p>&#214;zellikle Trump'&#305;n Suudi Arabistan, Katar ve BAE ile yapt&#305;&#287;&#305; temaslarda &#304;srail'i d&#305;&#351;lamas&#305; dikkat &#231;ekti.</p><p>Buna ra&#287;men, Trump h&#226;l&#226; &#304;srail'e y&#246;nelik genel deste&#287;ini s&#252;rd&#252;r&#252;yor. "Gazze Rivieras&#305;" olarak adland&#305;r&#305;lan tart&#305;&#351;mal&#305; bir yeniden yap&#305;land&#305;rma plan&#305;n&#305; ortaya atan Trump, Netanyahu taraf&#305;ndan bu konuda desteklendi. Ancak Netanyahu'nun sava&#351; stratejisindeki &#305;srar&#305;, iki lider aras&#305;nda stratejik ayr&#305;&#351;may&#305; da beraberinde getiriyor.</p><p><strong>Uluslararas&#305; Ceza Mahkemesi&#8217;nin (UCM) Netanyahu Hakk&#305;ndaki Tutuklama Karar&#305;</strong></p><p>Uluslararas&#305; Ceza Mahkemesi (UCM), 2024 Kas&#305;m'&#305;nda Netanyahu ve d&#246;nemin &#304;srail Savunma Bakan&#305; Yoav Gallant hakk&#305;nda tutuklama emri &#231;&#305;kard&#305;. Su&#231;lamalar aras&#305;nda Gazze&#8217;de sivillerin a&#231; b&#305;rak&#305;lmas&#305;, sivillere y&#246;nelik kas&#305;tl&#305; sald&#305;r&#305;lar ve insanl&#305;k d&#305;&#351;&#305; eylemler bulunuyor.</p><p>&#304;srail, UCM'nin yarg&#305; yetkisini tan&#305;mad&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305; belirtirken, baz&#305; Avrupa &#252;lkeleri &#8211;&#246;zellikle Macaristan ve Polonya&#8211; Netanyahu&#8217;yu &#252;lkelerine gelmesi h&#226;linde tutuklamayacaklar&#305;n&#305; a&#231;&#305;klad&#305;. Buna kar&#351;&#305;n Fransa ve Birle&#351;ik Krall&#305;k gibi UCM&#8217;ye taraf &#252;lkeler teorik olarak tutuklama karar&#305;n&#305; uygulamak zorunda. ABD ise bu karara sert tepki g&#246;sterdi; Donald Trump, UCM'ye yapt&#305;r&#305;m getiren bir ba&#351;kanl&#305;k kararnamesi imzalad&#305;. ABD&#8217;li baz&#305; senat&#246;rler, UCM Ba&#351;savc&#305;s&#305; Karim Khan&#8217;&#305; ve ailesini tehdit ederek mahkemeye siyasi bask&#305; uygulamaya &#231;al&#305;&#351;t&#305;.</p><p><strong>Fransa, Kanada ve Birle&#351;ik Krall&#305;k&#8217;tan Sert Tepkiler</strong></p><p>Fransa, Birle&#351;ik Krall&#305;k ve Kanada, 2023 sonbahar&#305;ndan itibaren Gazze'de artan sivil kay&#305;plar ve insani kriz nedeniyle &#304;srail'e y&#246;nelik tutumlar&#305;n&#305; sertle&#351;tirdi. &#304;srail'in askeri operasyonlar&#305;n&#305; durdurmas&#305; ve Gazze'ye insani yard&#305;m&#305;n engelsiz bir &#351;ekilde ula&#351;t&#305;r&#305;lmas&#305; &#231;a&#287;r&#305;s&#305;nda bulundular.</p><p>Fransa Cumhurba&#351;kan&#305; Emmanuel Macron, &#304;srail'in Gazze'deki askeri operasyonlar&#305;n&#305; "orant&#305;s&#305;z" ve "kabul edilemez" olarak nitelendirdi. Fransa, &#304;srail'e silah ihracat&#305;n&#305; durdurdu ve di&#287;er &#252;lkelere de benzer ad&#305;mlar atmalar&#305; i&#231;in &#231;a&#287;r&#305;da bulundu. Ayr&#305;ca, Fransa, &#304;srail'in Gazze'deki eylemlerini uluslararas&#305; hukuka ayk&#305;r&#305; buldu&#287;unu belirtti.</p><p>Birle&#351;ik Krall&#305;k, &#304;srail'in Gazze'deki askeri operasyonlar&#305;n&#305; "ahlaki olarak savunulamaz" olarak tan&#305;mlad&#305;. &#304;srail ile serbest ticaret anla&#351;mas&#305; m&#252;zakereler ask&#305;ya al&#305;n&#305;rken, &#304;srail'in Bat&#305; &#350;eria'daki yerle&#351;imcilerine y&#246;nelik yeni yapt&#305;r&#305;mlar uyguland&#305;. &#304;srail'in Londra B&#252;y&#252;kel&#231;isi de D&#305;&#351;i&#351;leri Bakanl&#305;&#287;&#305;'na &#231;a&#287;&#305;r&#305;ld&#305;.</p><p>Kanada eski Ba&#351;bakan&#305; Justin Trudeau ise, &#304;srail'in Gazze'deki askeri operasyonlar&#305;n&#305; "a&#351;&#305;r&#305;" ve "kabul edilemez" olarak nitelendirmi&#351;ti. Kanada, &#304;srail'e y&#246;nelik silah ihracat&#305;n&#305; durdurdu ve insani yard&#305;m&#305;n Gazze'ye engelsiz bir &#351;ekilde ula&#351;t&#305;r&#305;lmas&#305; &#231;a&#287;r&#305;s&#305;nda bulundu.</p><p>&#220;&#231; &#252;lke, 19 May&#305;s 2025'te ortak bir a&#231;&#305;klama yaparak, &#304;srail'in Gazze'deki askeri operasyonlar&#305;n&#305; durdurmamas&#305; ve insani yard&#305;m&#305;n ula&#351;t&#305;r&#305;lmas&#305;na izin vermemesi halinde "somut ad&#305;mlar" atacaklar&#305;n&#305; belirtti.</p><p>Netanyahu&#8217;nun &#252;&#231; &#252;lkenin uyar&#305;lar&#305;na kar&#351;&#305; tepkisi ise sert oldu. Fransa, Birle&#351;ik Krall&#305;k ve Kanada liderlerini Hamas'&#305; cesaretlendirmekle su&#231;layan Netanyahu, bu &#252;lkelerin liderlerinin "tarihin yanl&#305;&#351; taraf&#305;nda" oldu&#287;unu ifade etti.</p><p><strong>AB&#8217;nin De&#287;i&#351;en Tutumu</strong></p><p>AB&#8217;nin de son d&#246;nemde &#304;srail&#8217;e y&#246;nelik ele&#351;tirilerinin art&#305;rd&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305; s&#246;ylemek m&#252;mk&#252;n. AB D&#305;&#351; &#304;li&#351;kiler Y&#252;ksek Temsilcisi taraf&#305;ndan yap&#305;lan son a&#231;&#305;klamada, sivillerin hedef al&#305;nmas&#305;, orant&#305;s&#305;z g&#252;&#231; kullan&#305;m&#305; ve insani yard&#305;m&#305;n engellenmesi &#8220;kabul edilemez&#8221; olarak nitelendirildi. Ayr&#305;ca Bat&#305; &#350;eria&#8217;daki yerle&#351;imci &#351;iddeti k&#305;nanarak, &#304;srail&#8217;in failleri cezaland&#305;rmas&#305;n&#305;n da alt&#305; &#231;izildi.</p><p>Avrupa Komisyonu Ba&#351;kan&#305; Ursula von der Leyen, ise son yapt&#305;&#287;&#305; a&#231;&#305;klamalarda, &#304;srail'in Gazze'deki sivil altyap&#305;ya y&#246;nelik son sald&#305;r&#305;lar&#305;n&#305; "i&#287;ren&#231;" ve "orant&#305;s&#305;z" olarak nitelendirerek, &#304;srail&#8217;in insani yard&#305;m&#305; engellemesinin uluslararas&#305; hukuka ayk&#305;r&#305; oldu&#287;unu vurgulad&#305;. Von der Leyen ayr&#305;ca, Gazze ablukas&#305;n&#305;n sona erdirilmesi ve sivillere yard&#305;m&#305;n derhal ula&#351;t&#305;r&#305;lmas&#305; gerekti&#287;ini de belirtti.</p><p>AB&#8217;nin son d&#246;nemlerde &#304;srail&#8217; e y&#246;nelik daha ele&#351;tirel olmas&#305;nda AB i&#231;indeki artan bask&#305;lar&#305;n etkisinin oldu&#287;unu s&#246;ylemek m&#252;mk&#252;n. &#214;zellikle von der Leyen'in &#304;srail'e y&#246;nelik daha &#246;nceki tutumu s&#305;kl&#305;kla ele&#351;tiriliyordu. Baz&#305; AB yetkilileri ve &#252;ye devletler, von der Leyen'in &#304;srail'e verdi&#287;i deste&#287;in orant&#305;s&#305;z oldu&#287;unu ve Filistinlilere y&#246;nelik ihlallere kar&#351;&#305; yeterince sert bir tutum sergilemedi&#287;ini belirtmi&#351;lerdi. &#214;rne&#287;in, &#304;rlandal&#305; Avrupa Parlamentosu &#252;yesi Clare Daly, von der Leyen'i "Frau Genocide" olarak nitelendirmi&#351; ve &#304;srail'in Gazze'deki eylemlerine kar&#351;&#305; sessiz kalmakla su&#231;lam&#305;&#351;t&#305;.</p><p>Yap&#305;lan son a&#231;&#305;klamalar&#305;n, AB&#8217;nin &#304;srail&#8217;e y&#246;nelik daha ele&#351;tirel bir &#231;izgiye kayd&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305; g&#246;stermekte oldu&#287;unu ifade edebiliriz. Ancak baz&#305; &#231;evrelerce AB&#8217;nin &#304;srail&#8217;e y&#246;nelik tepkilerin h&#226;l&#226; yetersiz bulunarak daha somut ad&#305;mlar at&#305;lmas&#305; gerekti&#287;i savunulmaktad&#305;r.</p><p><strong>Tepkiler Neden Son D&#246;nemde Artt&#305;?</strong></p><p>Kas&#305;m 2023&#8217;ten bu yana Netanyahu h&#252;k&#252;metine destek veren &#252;lkelerin son d&#246;nemlerde tutumlar&#305;n&#305;n de&#287;i&#351;mesi de bir ba&#351;ka dikkat &#231;ekici nokta olarak g&#246;r&#252;l&#252;yor. De&#287;i&#351;en tutumlar ve sertle&#351;en ele&#351;tirilerin nedenleri hakk&#305;nda uzmanlar birka&#231; farkl&#305; konu ba&#351;l&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305;n alt&#305;n&#305; &#231;iziyor:</p><p><strong>1. Uluslararas&#305; Hukuk ve &#304;nsani Kriz Endi&#351;eleri</strong></p><p>&#304;srail'in Gazze'deki askeri operasyonlar&#305;, &#246;zellikle Refah sald&#305;r&#305;s&#305;yla birlikte, &#231;ok say&#305;da sivilin &#246;l&#252;m&#252;ne neden oldu ve bu durum uluslararas&#305; insanc&#305;l hukukun ihlali olarak de&#287;erlendirildi. UCM Ba&#351;savc&#305;s&#305; Karim Khan'&#305;n Netanyahu hakk&#305;nda sava&#351; su&#231;u iddias&#305;yla tutuklama emri talep etmesi, bu ba&#287;lamda &#246;nemli bir geli&#351;me olmu&#351;tur. Fransa ve Almanya gibi &#252;lkeler, daha &#246;ncesinde UCM'nin ba&#287;&#305;ms&#305;zl&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305; ve uluslararas&#305; hukukun &#252;st&#252;nl&#252;&#287;&#252;n&#252; desteklediklerini ifade etmi&#351;lerdi. Yukar&#305;da da belirtti&#287;imiz &#252;zere, Fransa, &#304;srail&#8217;in askeri operasyonlar&#305;n&#305; &#8220;orant&#305;s&#305;z&#8221; ve &#8220;kabul edilemez&#8221; olarak tan&#305;mlayarak silah ihracat&#305;n&#305; durdurdu. Almanya ve Birle&#351;ik Krall&#305;k da UCM&#8217;nin ba&#287;&#305;ms&#305;zl&#305;&#287;&#305;na ve uluslararas&#305; hukukun &#252;st&#252;nl&#252;&#287;&#252;ne desteklerini yineledi.</p><p><strong>2. &#304;&#231; Kamuoyu Bask&#305;s&#305; ve Siyasi Dinamikler</strong></p><p>Bat&#305;&#8217;da, &#246;zellikle &#252;niversitelerde ve gen&#231; se&#231;menler aras&#305;nda Filistin yanl&#305;s&#305; protestolar&#305;n artmas&#305;, h&#252;k&#252;metlerin &#304;srail'e y&#246;nelik politikalar&#305;n&#305; g&#246;zden ge&#231;irmelerine neden oluyor. ABD, Kanada ve Avrupa &#252;lkelerinde yap&#305;lan kamuoyu ara&#351;t&#305;rmalar&#305;, halk&#305;n deste&#287;inin giderek Filistin&#8217;e kayd&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305; g&#246;steriyor. Bu geli&#351;melerin, &#246;zellikle se&#231;im bask&#305;s&#305; da ya&#351;ayan h&#252;k&#252;metlerin &#304;srail&#8217;e ko&#351;ulsuz destek politikalar&#305; konusunda daha temkinli davranmalar&#305;na neden oldu&#287;unu s&#246;ylemek m&#252;mk&#252;n.</p><p><strong>3. Netanyahu'nun Siyasi Stratejisi ve Uluslararas&#305; Tepkiler</strong></p><p>Netanyahu'nun a&#351;&#305;r&#305; sa&#287;c&#305; ortaklarla kurdu&#287;u koalisyon ve Gazze'ye y&#246;nelik sald&#305;r&#305;lar&#305;n s&#252;reklili&#287;i Bat&#305;l&#305; &#252;lkelerde rahats&#305;zl&#305;k yaratt&#305;. Bir&#231;ok analizde, Netanyahu'nun sava&#351;&#305; s&#252;rd&#252;rerek iktidarda kalma stratejisinin Bat&#305;l&#305; m&#252;ttefikler taraf&#305;ndan da sorguland&#305;&#287;&#305; belirtiliyor. Bu strateji, hem Netanyahu h&#252;k&#252;metinin kendi halk&#305;ndan g&#246;rd&#252;&#287;&#252; deste&#287;in azalmas&#305;na, hem de ABD ve di&#287;er Avrupal&#305; m&#252;ttefiklerinin &#304;srail ile ili&#351;kilerini yeniden de&#287;erlendirmesine neden oluyor. Yukar&#305;da da bahsetti&#287;imiz &#252;zere, Trump gibi ge&#231;mi&#351;te Netanyahu'ya yak&#305;n duran isimler bile, &#304;srail'in sava&#351; stratejisinin ABD'nin Orta Do&#287;u diplomasisini zora soktu&#287;unu dile getiriyor.</p><p><strong>4. Uluslararas&#305; &#304;maj ve &#304;kili &#304;li&#351;kiler Dengesi</strong></p><p>Bat&#305;l&#305; &#252;lkeler, &#304;srail'e kar&#351;&#305; ele&#351;tirilerini art&#305;rarak hem k&#252;resel g&#252;neyle olan ili&#351;kilerini dengelemeye hem de &#231;ifte standart ele&#351;tirilerini azaltmaya &#231;al&#305;&#351;&#305;yorlar.</p><p>&#214;zellikle Ukrayna Sava&#351;&#305;&#8217;nda uluslararas&#305; hukuk ve sivillerin korunmas&#305; temalar&#305;n&#305; &#246;ne &#231;&#305;karan bu &#252;lkeler, &#304;srail'e bu kadar geni&#351; bir muafiyet tan&#305;man&#305;n inand&#305;r&#305;c&#305;l&#305;klar&#305;n&#305; zedeledi&#287;inin fark&#305;na varm&#305;&#351; olabilirler. Bat&#305;l&#305; &#252;lkeler, Ukrayna Sava&#351;&#305; nedeniyle Rusya'ya kar&#351;&#305; sert yapt&#305;r&#305;mlar uygulam&#305;&#351;, uluslararas&#305; hukuk ve insan haklar&#305; ihlallerine kar&#351;&#305; s&#305;f&#305;r tolerans politikas&#305; izlemi&#351;ti. Ancak ayn&#305; &#252;lkelerin &#304;srail'e y&#246;nelik daha &#231;ekimser bir tutum sergilemesi kamuoyu nezdinde &#231;ifte standart ele&#351;tirilerine yol a&#231;&#305;yor. Netanyahu'ya y&#246;nelik ele&#351;tirilerin ve tepkilerin son d&#246;nemde artmas&#305; ise, &#231;ifte standart s&#246;ylemlerine y&#246;nelik ge&#231; de olsa bir refleks olarak yorumlanmaktad&#305;r.</p><p><strong>Ger&#231;ek Bir Politika De&#287;i&#351;ikli&#287;i mi?</strong></p><p>Bir ba&#351;ka konu ise, Bat&#305; taraf&#305;n&#305;n son zamanlarda &#304;srail&#8217;e y&#246;nelik ele&#351;tirilerinin ne kadar samimi ve s&#252;rd&#252;r&#252;lebilir oldu&#287;u y&#246;n&#252;nde. Bir&#231;ok uzman bu ele&#351;tiriler konusunda ikiye b&#246;l&#252;nm&#252;&#351; durumdalar,</p><p><strong>Ele&#351;tirilerin sembolik ve ge&#231;ici oldu&#287;u g&#246;r&#252;&#351;&#252;:</strong> Baz&#305; uzmanlara g&#246;re Bat&#305;n&#305;n son d&#246;nemde &#304;srail&#8217;e kar&#351;&#305; sert tepkiler vermeye ba&#351;lamas&#305;, daha &#231;ok i&#231; kamuoyundaki tepkileri azaltmaya y&#246;nelik sembolik ad&#305;mlar g&#246;r&#252;l&#252;yor. Liderlerin &#304;srail&#8217;e y&#246;nelik ciddi bir yapt&#305;r&#305;m uygulayaca&#287;&#305; veya politika de&#287;i&#351;ikli&#287;i yapaca&#287;&#305; d&#252;&#351;&#252;n&#252;lm&#252;yor.</p><p><strong>Bask&#305; unsuru olarak kullan&#305;lan ele&#351;tiriler:</strong> Di&#287;er g&#246;r&#252;&#351;e g&#246;re ise bu ele&#351;tiriler, Netanyahu h&#252;k&#252;metine a&#231;&#305;k bir mesaj niteli&#287;i ta&#351;&#305;yor ve &#304;srail&#8217;in sava&#351; sonras&#305; d&#246;neme dair plan yapmaya zorland&#305;&#287;&#305;na i&#351;aret ediyor.</p><p><strong>Netanyahu&#8217;nun &#304;kilemi</strong></p><p>Son d&#246;nemlerde m&#252;ttefiklerinden gelen Gazze sald&#305;r&#305;lar&#305;n&#305; son erdirmesi y&#246;n&#252;ndeki tepkilerle birlikte, Netanyahu&#8217;nun bir ikilem i&#231;erisinde kald&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305; s&#246;ylemek m&#252;mk&#252;n: Ya sava&#351;&#305; sonland&#305;rarak koalisyonunun &#231;&#246;kmesini g&#246;ze alacak, ya da devam ederek uluslararas&#305; deste&#287;i kaybedecek.</p><p>Netanyahu&#8217;nun a&#351;&#305;r&#305; sa&#287;c&#305; koalisyon ortaklar&#305;, Hamas&#8217;a ula&#351;abilecek yard&#305;mlar&#305;n Gazze'ye girmesi halinde h&#252;k&#252;metten &#231;ekileceklerini belirtmi&#351;ti. Ancak hen&#252;z bu tehditlerini hayata ge&#231;irmediler. &#214;te yandan &#351;u an yap&#305;lacak bir se&#231;imde Netanyahu&#8217;nun blo&#287;unun &#231;o&#287;unlu&#287;u kaybedece&#287;i d&#252;&#351;&#252;n&#252;l&#252;yor.</p><p>Siyasi analizlere g&#246;re Netanyahu, 2026&#8217;daki se&#231;imler &#246;ncesinde sava&#351;&#305; kendi lehine nas&#305;l kullanabilece&#287;ini de d&#252;&#351;&#252;n&#252;yor. Ancak artan bask&#305;lar, sava&#351;&#305; Hamas&#8217;&#305; tamamen yok etmeden bitirmeye zorlayabilir. &#214;te yandan &#304;srail halk&#305;n&#305;n bir k&#305;smn&#305;n da sava&#351;&#305;n sona erdirilmesinden yana oldu&#287;unu belirtmekte fayda var.</p><p>Muhalefet liderlerinden Yair Golan, Netanyahu&#8217;yu &#252;lkenin itibar&#305;n&#305; zedelemekle su&#231;layarak, &#304;srail&#8217;in eski G&#252;ney Afrika gibi uluslararas&#305; alanda d&#305;&#351;lanm&#305;&#351; bir devlet olma yolunda ilerledi&#287;ini ifade etti.</p><p>Buna ek olarak, Netanyahu&#8217;nun Gazze&#8217;de farkl&#305; bir Filistin y&#246;netiminin kurulmas&#305;na kar&#351;&#305; &#231;&#305;kmas&#305;, m&#252;ttefiklerin sava&#351;&#305; bilin&#231;li olarak uzatt&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305; d&#252;&#351;&#252;nmesine yol a&#231;t&#305;. Bu da kal&#305;c&#305; bir &#304;srail i&#351;gali &#351;&#252;phesi do&#287;urdu.</p><p>&#214;zetleyecek olursak, Netanyahu h&#252;k&#252;metinin Gazze&#8217;ye y&#246;nelik devam eden a&#287;&#305;r sald&#305;r&#305;lar&#305;, uluslararas&#305; kamuoyunda ve hatta yak&#305;n m&#252;ttefikler aras&#305;nda dahi giderek artan bir rahats&#305;zl&#305;k yarat&#305;yor. Josh Paul'un istifas&#305;, bu rahats&#305;zl&#305;&#287;&#305;n ABD b&#252;rokrasisinde ne kadar derinle&#351;ti&#287;ini g&#246;sterirken; Trump ile Netanyahu aras&#305;ndaki gerilim, &#304;srail'in yaln&#305;zca Demokratlar nezdinde de&#287;il, Cumhuriyet&#231;i &#231;evrelerde de tart&#305;&#351;mal&#305; bir akt&#246;r haline geldi&#287;ini g&#246;sterir nitelikte. UCM'nin Netanyahu hakk&#305;nda verdi&#287;i tutuklama karar&#305; ise uluslararas&#305; hukukun i&#351;lerli&#287;i ve Bat&#305;&#8217;n&#305;n &#231;ifte standart politikalar&#305;n&#305;n sorgulanmas&#305; a&#231;&#305;s&#305;ndan ciddi bir d&#246;n&#252;m noktas&#305; olarak kabul ediliyor. Son g&#252;nlerde Kanada, Fransa, Birle&#351;ik Krall&#305;k ve AB&#8217;den gelen ele&#351;tiriler de Bat&#305;'n&#305;n &#304;srail'e y&#246;nelik tutumu, art&#305;k daha ele&#351;tirel ve temkinli bir &#231;izgiye kaym&#305;&#351; durumda oldu&#287;unu g&#246;steriyor. Netanyahu&#8217;nun bu durumda Gazze&#8217;ye y&#246;nelik sald&#305;r&#305;lar&#305;na devam edip etmeme konusunda nas&#305;l bir yol izleyece&#287;i de merak ediliyor.</p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[İnsani Yardım Sektöründe Kriz Derinleşiyor: Fonların Kesilmesi, Çalışanları ve Kırılgan Toplulukları Tehdit Ediyor]]></title><description><![CDATA[UNHCR G&#252;ney ve Bat&#305; Afrika B&#246;lgesi K&#305;demli Yetenek Y&#246;netimi Sorumlusu Sezin Demirta&#351; ile, yard&#305;m sekt&#246;r&#252;n&#252; sarsan fon krizini ve hem &#231;al&#305;&#351;anlar hem de faydalan&#305;c&#305;lar &#252;zerindeki etkilerini ele ald&#305;k]]></description><link>https://www.etkisine.com/p/insani-yardm-sektorunde-kriz-derinlesiyor</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.etkisine.com/p/insani-yardm-sektorunde-kriz-derinlesiyor</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Huseyin Akturk]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Thu, 29 May 2025 05:58:51 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://api.substack.com/feed/podcast/164701901/87f0b409939dca0d6099bf6d3ef056b2.mp3" length="0" type="audio/mpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><strong>Etkisi Ne?</strong> podcastimizin bu b&#246;l&#252;m&#252;nde, <strong>insani yard&#305;m sekt&#246;r&#252;nde ya&#351;anan ani daralmay&#305;</strong> ve arka plan&#305;ndaki yap&#305;sal krizleri ele al&#305;yoruz.<br>ABD&#8217;nin <strong>USAID&#8217;i kapatmas&#305;yla</strong> birlikte, k&#252;resel &#246;l&#231;ekte binlerce insani yard&#305;m &#231;al&#305;&#351;an&#305; i&#351;siz kald&#305;, projeler durduruldu, b&#246;lge ofisleri birer birer kapat&#305;lmaya ba&#351;land&#305;.</p><p>Konu&#287;umuz, <strong>Birle&#351;mi&#351; Milletler M&#252;lteciler Y&#252;ksek Komiserli&#287;i&#8217;nin (UNHCR)</strong> G&#252;ney ve Bat&#305; Afrika B&#246;lgesi&#8217;nde <strong>K&#305;demli Yetenek Y&#246;netimi ve Performans Sorumlusu</strong> olarak g&#246;rev yapan <strong>Sezin Demirta&#351;</strong>. Pretoria, G&#252;ney Afrika&#8217;dan yay&#305;n&#305;m&#305;za ba&#287;lanarak, sekt&#246;r&#252;n i&#231;inden kritik g&#246;zlemler ve i&#231;g&#246;r&#252;ler sunuyor.</p><p>&#128204; Bu b&#246;l&#252;mde ele ald&#305;&#287;&#305;m&#305;z baz&#305; sorular:<br>&#8211; Sekt&#246;r neden bu kadar k&#305;r&#305;lgan?<br>&#8211; Hangi co&#287;rafyalar ve &#231;al&#305;&#351;an profilleri daha fazla etkileniyor?<br>&#8211; &#304;&#351;ini kaybedenler veya risk alt&#305;ndaki profesyoneller i&#231;in ne yap&#305;labilir?</p><p>Hepsi ve daha fazlas&#305; bu &#246;zel b&#246;l&#252;mde!</p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Kanada Seçimleri: Trump Karşıtlığı Carney’e Seçim Kazandırdı]]></title><description><![CDATA[Kanada&#8217;da 28 Nisan&#8217;da yap&#305;lan genel se&#231;imler, yaln&#305;zca bir iktidar yar&#305;&#351;&#305; de&#287;il; ayn&#305; zamanda &#252;lkenin uluslararas&#305; kimli&#287;ini, ABD ile ili&#351;kilerde izleyece&#287;i rotay&#305; ve k&#252;resel sistemdeki yerini yeniden tan&#305;mlayan bir d&#246;n&#252;m noktas&#305; oldu.]]></description><link>https://www.etkisine.com/p/kanada-secimleri-trump-karstlg-carneye</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.etkisine.com/p/kanada-secimleri-trump-karstlg-carneye</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Gizem İrem Kadıoğlu]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Thu, 22 May 2025 09:57:56 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/4ae67149-cc0f-444d-b251-10ccd32df186_600x400.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Kanada&#8217;da 28 Nisan&#8217;da yap&#305;lan genel se&#231;imler, yaln&#305;zca bir iktidar yar&#305;&#351;&#305; de&#287;il; ayn&#305; zamanda &#252;lkenin uluslararas&#305; kimli&#287;ini, ABD ile ili&#351;kilerde izleyece&#287;i rotay&#305; ve k&#252;resel sistemdeki yerini yeniden tan&#305;mlayan bir d&#246;n&#252;m noktas&#305; oldu. Se&#231;men, yaln&#305;zca parti tercihini de&#287;il, ayn&#305; zamanda nas&#305;l bir Kanada istedi&#287;ine dair net bir mesaj verdi.</p><p>&#214;zellikle Trump&#8217;&#305;n son d&#246;nemlerde Kanada&#8217;y&#305; ABD&#8217;nin bir par&#231;as&#305; yapmak gibi k&#252;&#231;&#252;mseyici s&#246;ylemleri Kanadal&#305;lar taraf&#305;ndan ho&#351; kar&#351;&#305;lanmad&#305; ve se&#231;men tepkisini sand&#305;kta g&#246;sterdi. Se&#231;im, Trump kar&#351;&#305;t&#305; s&#246;ylemleriyle dikkat &#231;eken Mark Carney liderli&#287;indeki Liberal Parti&#8217;nin zaferiyle sonu&#231;land&#305;.</p><p>Liberaller h&#252;k&#252;met kurmaya yetecek kadar sandalye kazand&#305; ancak bu say&#305; hedeflenen mutlak &#231;o&#287;unlu&#287;a ula&#351;amad&#305;. Justin Trudeau&#8217;nun istifas&#305;yla Mart ay&#305;ndan bu yana ba&#351;bakanl&#305;k g&#246;revini y&#252;r&#252;ten Carney, 170 koltuk kazanabildi. Ana muhalefet partisi Muhafazak&#226;rlar 143 sandalyeyle ikinci s&#305;rada yer ald&#305;. &#214;zellikle liderleri Pierre Poilievre&#8217;in kendi se&#231;im b&#246;lgesinde kaybetmesi partisi i&#231;in b&#252;y&#252;k bir kay&#305;p olarak g&#246;r&#252;l&#252;yor.</p><p><strong>Liberallerin Trump Kar&#351;&#305;tl&#305;&#287;&#305; Zafer Kazand&#305;rd&#305;</strong></p><p>Se&#231;im sonu&#231;lar&#305;n&#305;n &#351;ekillenmesinde ABD Ba&#351;kan&#305; Donald Trump&#8217;&#305;n Kanada&#8217;ya y&#246;nelik s&#246;ylemleri olduk&#231;a belirleyici oldu. Trump&#8217;&#305;n Kanada&#8217;ya y&#246;nelik k&#252;&#231;&#252;mseyici s&#246;ylemleri, uygulad&#305;&#287;&#305; g&#252;mr&#252;k tarifeleri, &#252;lkeyi ABD'nin 51. eyaleti yapmakla tehdit etmesi ve artan bask&#305;lar&#305; kamuoyunda b&#252;y&#252;k tepki yaratt&#305;.</p><p>Ge&#231;ti&#287;imiz Mart ay&#305;nda yap&#305;lan bir ankette, Kanadal&#305;lar&#305;n %63&#8217;&#252;n&#252;n Trump&#8217;&#305;n bu s&#246;ylemlerini fazlas&#305;yla ciddiye ald&#305;&#287;&#305;, %52&#8217;lik bir oran&#305;n ise gerekli bir askeri m&#252;dahalede &#252;lkelerini korumaya haz&#305;r oldu&#287;u belirtildi (Jedwab, How serious do Canadians take President Trump&#8217;s wish for the 51st and the preferred response(s)?, 2025).</p><p>Bu atmosferde, Liberallerin izledi&#287;i strateji dikkat &#231;ekici bir ba&#351;ar&#305; sa&#287;lad&#305;. Liberaller, Trudeau&#8217;nun istifas&#305;n&#305;n ard&#305;ndan s&#252;rpriz bir &#351;ekilde eski &#304;ngiltere Merkez Bankas&#305; Ba&#351;kan&#305; Mark Carney&#8217;i lider olarak se&#231;ti. Carney, se&#231;im kampanyas&#305;n&#305; Trump&#8217;&#305;n s&#246;ylemlerine kar&#351;&#305;tl&#305;k &#252;zerinden y&#252;r&#252;tt&#252;. Mesajlar&#305;nda, Trump&#8217;&#305;n Kanada egemenli&#287;ine tehdit olu&#351;turdu&#287;unu kesin bir dille belirtti.</p><p>Ekonomik memnuniyetsizlik ve Justin Trudeau&#8217;nun uzun s&#252;ren liderli&#287;i nedeniyle avantajl&#305; g&#246;r&#252;len Muhafazak&#226;r Parti'nin lideri Pierre Poilievre ise bu ortamda g&#252;&#231; kaybetti.</p><p>Carney se&#231;im zaferi sonras&#305;nda yapt&#305;&#287;&#305; konu&#351;mada da ABD&#8217;nin Kanada&#8217;y&#305; ele ge&#231;irmeye &#231;al&#305;&#351;t&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305;, buna asla izin vermeyeceklerini vurgulad&#305;.</p><p>Ekonomik memnuniyetsizliklerin ve k&#252;resel d&#252;zeyde iktidar kay&#305;plar&#305;n&#305;n ya&#351;and&#305;&#287;&#305; bir d&#246;nemde, Liberallerin bu zaferi uluslararas&#305; siyaset a&#231;&#305;s&#305;ndan dikkat &#231;ekici bir istisna oldu.. Ekonomideki memnuniyetsizliklere ra&#287;men Liberaller, lider de&#287;i&#351;imi ve Trump kar&#351;&#305;tl&#305;&#287;&#305; stratejileri &#252;zerinden iktidarlar&#305;n&#305; s&#252;rd&#252;rd&#252;ler.</p><p>&#214;te yandan kamuoyunda ve bas&#305;nda, Trump&#8217;&#305;n asl&#305;nda politikalar&#305; kendisine daha yak&#305;n olan Poilievre&#8217;yi destekleyebilece&#287;i d&#252;&#351;&#252;n&#252;l&#252;rken, k&#252;&#231;&#252;mseyici tav&#305;rlar&#305;yla kendi lehine olabilecek bir sonucu engellemi&#351; olmas&#305; dikkat &#231;ekici bir ironi olarak yorumlan&#305;yor.</p><p><strong>Trump ve Carney Bir Arada</strong></p><p>&#304;ki lider se&#231;im sonras&#305; ilk kez Beyaz Saray&#8217;da bir araya geldi. G&#246;r&#252;&#351;me s&#305;cak ba&#351;lam&#305;&#351; olsa da Kanada&#8217;n&#305;n egemenli&#287;i konusu gerginli&#287;e neden oldu. Carney bu g&#246;r&#252;&#351;mede Trump&#8217;&#305;n Kanada&#8217;y&#305; ABD&#8217;nin 51. eyaleti yapma teklifine kar&#351;&#305; net bir dille &#8220;Kanada sat&#305;l&#305;k de&#287;il&#8221; yan&#305;t&#305;n&#305; verdi. Se&#231;im kampanyas&#305; d&#246;neminde, Trump&#8217;a kar&#351;&#305; duran ve bu strateji sayesinde zafer kazanan Carney, bu g&#246;r&#252;&#351;mede de kararl&#305; bir tutum sergiledi.</p><p>Kanada&#8217;ya uygulad&#305;&#287;&#305; %25&#8217;lik genel tarifeleri ve otomotiv sekt&#246;r&#252;ne y&#246;nelik ek vergileri savunmaya devam eden Trump, ayr&#305;ca Kanada&#8217;n&#305;n fentanyl ak&#305;&#351;&#305;n&#305; durdurmak i&#231;in yeterince &#231;aba g&#246;stermedi&#287;ini de &#246;ne s&#252;rd&#252;. Carney, g&#246;r&#252;&#351;mede tarifelerin kald&#305;r&#305;lmas&#305; konusunda Trump&#8217;a bask&#305; yapt&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305; ancak bu s&#252;recin zorlu m&#252;zakerelerle &#351;ekillenece&#287;ini belirtti.</p><p>Carney g&#246;r&#252;&#351;meden sonra ger&#231;ekle&#351;tirdi&#287;i bas&#305;n toplant&#305;s&#305;nda, Trump&#8217;&#305;n m&#252;zakereye a&#231;&#305;k oldu&#287;unu ancak sonu&#231;lar&#305;n hen&#252;z netle&#351;medi&#287;ini belirtti. &#214;te yandan Trump&#8217;un Kanada&#8217;y&#305; ABD&#8217;nin bir par&#231;as&#305; haline getirmek &#252;zerine s&#246;ylemlerini sonland&#305;rmas&#305;n&#305; istedi&#287;ini de bir kez daha vurgulad&#305;.</p><p><strong>&#304;ki &#220;lke &#304;li&#351;kileri Gelecekte Nas&#305;l &#350;ekillenecek?</strong></p><p>Carney se&#231;im kampanyas&#305;nda da pek &#231;ok kez dile getirdi&#287;i &#252;zere, ABD ile olan geleneksel yak&#305;n ili&#351;kinin Trump d&#246;neminde sona erdi&#287;ini ve Kanada&#8217;n&#305;n ekonomisini bu yeni d&#246;neme g&#246;re yeniden tasarlamas&#305; gerekti&#287;ini savunuyor.</p><p>&#214;te yandan son d&#246;nemlerde yap&#305;lan anketlerde, Kanadal&#305;lar&#305;n kom&#351;ular&#305;na olan sempatilerinin bir &#246;nceki y&#305;la g&#246;re azald&#305;&#287;&#305; g&#246;r&#252;l&#252;yor. Haziran 2024 tarihinde Kanadal&#305;lar&#305;n %52&#8217;si ABD&#8217;ye kar&#351;&#305; olumlu bir bak&#305;&#351; a&#231;&#305;s&#305;na sahipken, bu oran&#305;n Mart 2025 tarihinde %33&#8217;e d&#252;&#351;t&#252;&#287;&#252; g&#246;r&#252;l&#252;yor. Mart 2025 tarihi itibar&#305;yla Kanadal&#305;lar i&#231;in Birle&#351;ik Krall&#305;k, Avrupa Birli&#287;i, Meksika gibi &#252;lkeler daha pop&#252;ler bir konuma gelmi&#351; durumda (Jedwab, Canadian Opinion Of The United States And Other Countries Under Trump 2.0, 2025)</p><p>Buna ek olarak, iki &#252;lke aras&#305;ndaki ticaret hacmi y&#305;lda 760 milyar dolar&#305; a&#351;t&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305; ve Kanada&#8217;n&#305;n, ABD&#8217;nin en b&#252;y&#252;k ihracat pazar&#305; konumunda oldu&#287;unun da alt&#305;n&#305; &#231;izmemiz gerekir. Ancak t&#252;m bu ekonomik ili&#351;kilere ra&#287;men ya&#351;anan geli&#351;meler, iki &#252;lke ili&#351;kilerinin Trump ve Carney d&#246;neminde gerilimli bir seyir izleyebilece&#287;i izlenimini veriyor.</p><p>Gizem &#304;rem Kad&#305;o&#287;lu</p><p></p><div><hr></div><p></p><p><em>Kaynaklar</em></p><blockquote><p><em>Jedwab, J. (2025, March 11). Canadian Opinion Of The United States And Other Countries Under Trump 2.0. ACS-Metropolis Institute: https://acs-metropolis.ca/studies/canadian-opinion-of-the-united-states-and-other-countries-under-trump-2-0/ adresinden al&#305;nd&#305;</em></p><p><em>Jedwab, J. (2025, March 11). How serious do Canadians take President Trump&#8217;s wish for the 51st and the preferred response(s)? ACS-Metropolis Institute: https://acs-metropolis.ca/studies/how-serious-do-canadians-take-president-trumps-wish-for-the-51st-and-the-preferred-responses/ adresinden al&#305;nd&#305;</em></p></blockquote>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Schengen Vizesi Neden Artık Hayal Oldu? | Dr. Can Baydarol ile Derinlemesine Analiz | Etkisi Ne?]]></title><description><![CDATA[&#128204; Schengen vizesi almak neden her ge&#231;en y&#305;l daha da zorla&#351;&#305;yor?]]></description><link>https://www.etkisine.com/p/schengen-vizesi-neden-artk-hayal</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.etkisine.com/p/schengen-vizesi-neden-artk-hayal</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Huseyin Akturk]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Wed, 21 May 2025 14:50:51 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://api.substack.com/feed/podcast/164087593/6e83649add34700877d45ac9b24c089f.mp3" length="0" type="audio/mpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>&#128204; Schengen vizesi almak neden her ge&#231;en y&#305;l daha da zorla&#351;&#305;yor? </p><p>&#128201; Ret oranlar&#305; neden %3&#8217;ten %15&#8217;e f&#305;rlad&#305;? </p><p>&#128182; Avrupa, vize ba&#351;vurular&#305;ndan ne kadar para kazan&#305;yor? </p><p>&#128706; Ye&#351;il pasaporta da m&#305; vize gelecek? </p><p>&#129523; &#214;&#287;renciler, i&#351; insanlar&#305;, gazeteciler, t&#305;r &#351;of&#246;rleri neden en &#231;ok ma&#287;dur olan gruplar? Kimlere vize kolayl&#305;&#287;&#305; gelebilir? </p><p>&#129309; Vize meselesi bir siyasi bask&#305; arac&#305;na m&#305; d&#246;n&#252;&#351;t&#252;? </p><p>Etkisi Ne? podcast'in bu b&#246;l&#252;m&#252;nde H&#252;seyin Akt&#252;rk, Avrupa Birli&#287;i ve K&#252;resel Ara&#351;t&#305;rmalar Derne&#287;i Ba&#351;kan Yard&#305;mc&#305;s&#305; Dr. Can Baydarol ile Schengen krizi &#252;zerine kapsaml&#305; bir s&#246;yle&#351;i ger&#231;ekle&#351;tiriyor. </p><p>G&#252;ndemdeki sorulara net yan&#305;tlar: </p><p>Avrupa neden T&#252;rkiye&#8217;ye bu kadar y&#252;ksek ret oran&#305; uyguluyor? </p><p>Teknik mi, siyasi mi? As&#305;l mesele ne? </p><p>T&#252;rkiye bu sorunu nas&#305;l a&#351;abilir? </p><p>Avrupa T&#252;rkiye&#8217;ye neden muhta&#231;? </p><p>Vize reddinin toplumsal ve bireysel etkileri neler? </p><p>&#128276; Abone olun, Etkisi Ne? podcast serisinin yeni b&#246;l&#252;mlerini ka&#231;&#305;rmay&#305;n! </p><p><a href="https://www.youtube.com/hashtag/schengen">#Schengen</a> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/hashtag/vizekrizi">#VizeKrizi</a> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/hashtag/etkisine">#EtkisiNe</a> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/hashtag/avrupabirli%C4%9Fi">#AvrupaBirli&#287;i</a> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/hashtag/h%C3%BCseyinakt%C3%BCrk">#H&#252;seyinAkt&#252;rk</a> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/hashtag/canbaydarol">#CanBaydarol</a> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/hashtag/podcast">#Podcast</a> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/hashtag/g%C3%BCndem">#G&#252;ndem</a> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/hashtag/t%C3%BCrkiyeab">#T&#252;rkiyeAB</a> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/hashtag/ab">#ab</a>-ilan</p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Engelsiz Filmler Festivali'nin Etkisi Ne Oldu? | Kıvanç Yalçıner ile Söyleşi | Etkisi Ne? Podcast]]></title><description><![CDATA[Etkisi Ne?]]></description><link>https://www.etkisine.com/p/engelsiz-filmler-festivalinin-etkisi</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.etkisine.com/p/engelsiz-filmler-festivalinin-etkisi</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Huseyin Akturk]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Mon, 19 May 2025 18:14:39 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://api.substack.com/feed/podcast/163944968/f5c8e0d99c91749f5654953ef56db2b8.mp3" length="0" type="audio/mpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Etkisi Ne? podcast&#8217;in ilk b&#246;l&#252;m&#252;nde, kapsay&#305;c&#305; sineman&#305;n T&#252;rkiye'deki &#246;nc&#252;lerinden K&#305;van&#231; Yal&#231;&#305;ner ile Engelsiz Filmler Festivali'nin 13 y&#305;ll&#305;k ilham verici hik&#226;yesine odaklan&#305;yoruz. &#127897;&#65039; Program&#305; haz&#305;rlayan ve sunan H&#252;seyin Akt&#252;rk, bu s&#246;yle&#351;ide festivalin arkas&#305;ndaki fikri, d&#246;n&#252;&#351;&#252;m&#252;n&#252; ve toplumsal etkisini derinlemesine konu&#351;uyor. Festival nas&#305;l do&#287;du? Eri&#351;ilebilirlik ve kapsay&#305;c&#305;l&#305;k alan&#305;nda neler de&#287;i&#351;ti? Otizm dostu g&#246;sterimlerin &#231;ocuklar &#252;zerindeki etkisi ne oldu? &#8220;Bir &#199;a&#287; Yang&#305;n&#305;&#8221; temas&#305; ne anlat&#305;yor? Uluslararas&#305; k&#305;sa film yar&#305;&#351;mas&#305; neden bu kadar &#246;nemli? Toplumsal etki ne kadar hissedildi? Hepsi ve daha fazlas&#305; bu &#246;zel s&#246;yle&#351;ide! &#128205; Engelsiz Filmler Festivali 2025, 23-29 May&#305;s tarihleri aras&#305;nda Goethe-Institut Ankara&#8217;da ger&#231;ekle&#351;ecek. T&#252;m g&#246;sterimler &#252;cretsiz ve eri&#351;ilebilir. &#127911; Etkisi Ne?, hayatlara dokunan projeleri, kararlar&#305; ve toplumsal d&#246;n&#252;&#351;&#252;mleri konu&#351;tu&#287;umuz bir podcast serisidir. &#128204; Abone olmay&#305; ve yorum b&#305;rakmay&#305; unutmay&#305;n. &#128242; Bizi sosyal medya hesaplar&#305;m&#305;zdan takip edebilirsiniz. #EngelsizFilmlerFestivali #Kapsay&#305;c&#305;Sinema #K&#305;van&#231;Yal&#231;&#305;ner #H&#252;seyinAkt&#252;rk #EtkisiNe #Podcast #S&#246;yle&#351;i #Eri&#351;ilebilirlik #FilmFestivali #ab-ilan.com #ab-ilan</p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Nereden Çıktı Bu Beyaz Mülteciler? ]]></title><description><![CDATA[G&#252;ney Afrika'da Toprak Hesapla&#351;mas&#305;]]></description><link>https://www.etkisine.com/p/nereden-ckt-bu-beyaz-multeciler</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.etkisine.com/p/nereden-ckt-bu-beyaz-multeciler</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Huseyin Akturk]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Fri, 16 May 2025 09:35:38 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/316cc9a9-0a1a-45be-8ef9-b8fb2ec70f0c_840x600.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!OvEA!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4fea4327-66d6-4cef-a440-92d419a30c7a_840x600.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!OvEA!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4fea4327-66d6-4cef-a440-92d419a30c7a_840x600.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!OvEA!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4fea4327-66d6-4cef-a440-92d419a30c7a_840x600.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!OvEA!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4fea4327-66d6-4cef-a440-92d419a30c7a_840x600.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!OvEA!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4fea4327-66d6-4cef-a440-92d419a30c7a_840x600.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!OvEA!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4fea4327-66d6-4cef-a440-92d419a30c7a_840x600.png" width="728" height="520" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/4fea4327-66d6-4cef-a440-92d419a30c7a_840x600.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:false,&quot;imageSize&quot;:&quot;normal&quot;,&quot;height&quot;:600,&quot;width&quot;:840,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:728,&quot;bytes&quot;:673730,&quot;alt&quot;:null,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:&quot;image/png&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:&quot;https://www.etkisine.com/i/163695857?img=https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4fea4327-66d6-4cef-a440-92d419a30c7a_840x600.png&quot;,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:&quot;center&quot;,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!OvEA!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4fea4327-66d6-4cef-a440-92d419a30c7a_840x600.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!OvEA!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4fea4327-66d6-4cef-a440-92d419a30c7a_840x600.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!OvEA!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4fea4327-66d6-4cef-a440-92d419a30c7a_840x600.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!OvEA!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F4fea4327-66d6-4cef-a440-92d419a30c7a_840x600.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>G&#252;ney Afrika&#8217;da beyaz n&#252;fus, toplam n&#252;fusun yaln&#305;zca y&#252;zde 7&#8217;sini olu&#351;turuyor. Buna ra&#287;men, tar&#305;m arazilerinin yakla&#351;&#305;k y&#252;zde 70&#8217;i beyaz G&#252;ney Afrikal&#305;lar&#305;n elinde. &#220;lke, ayn&#305; zamanda d&#252;nyada gelir e&#351;itsizli&#287;inin en y&#252;ksek oldu&#287;u yerlerden biri.</p><p>Beyaz arazi sahiplerine y&#246;nelik &#351;iddet olaylar&#305;n&#305;n artt&#305;&#287;&#305;na dair iddialar s&#305;k s&#305;k g&#252;ndeme geliyor. Ancak siyah G&#252;ney Afrikal&#305;lar da ba&#351;ka bir tabloya i&#351;aret ediyor. &#304;statistiklere g&#246;re, bir&#231;ok siyah vatanda&#351; bazen izinsiz giri&#351; (trespassing), bazen &#8220;vah&#351;i hayvan san&#305;ld&#305;&#8221; ya da &#8220;h&#305;rs&#305;zl&#305;k yap&#305;yordu&#8221; gibi gerek&#231;elerle &#246;ld&#252;r&#252;l&#252;yor.</p><p>Apartheid rejiminin sona ermesinin &#252;zerinden 30 y&#305;l ge&#231;mi&#351; olsa da, toprak meselesi h&#226;l&#226; &#231;&#246;z&#252;lememi&#351; durumda. Bu noktaya gelinmesinin tarihsel nedenleri var. 1600&#8217;lerden bu yana b&#246;lgeye yerle&#351;en beyazlar, yerli siyah halk&#305; yerinden ederek belli alanlara s&#305;k&#305;&#351;t&#305;rd&#305;. Amerika yerlilerine benzer &#351;ekilde, siyah G&#252;ney Afrikal&#305;lar y&#252;zy&#305;llarca s&#252;ren mek&#226;nsal planlama politikalar&#305;yla sistematik bi&#231;imde k&#305;rsal alanlardan d&#305;&#351;land&#305;. Sadece topraklar&#305;n&#305; de&#287;il, o topraklar &#252;zerindeki hak duygular&#305;n&#305; da kaybettiler. Kendi vatanlar&#305;nda yabanc&#305;ya d&#246;n&#252;&#351;t&#252;ler.</p><p>Aral&#305;k ay&#305;nda G&#252;ney Afrika&#8217;da &#8220;Expropriation Act&#8221; yani Kamula&#351;t&#305;rma Yasas&#305; imzaland&#305;. Bu yasa neyi de&#287;i&#351;tiriyor? &#214;ncelikle, bu yasa Zimbabve&#8217;deki gibi do&#287;rudan topraklara el konulmas&#305;n&#305; &#246;ng&#246;rm&#252;yor. Ama&#231;, uzun s&#252;redir kullan&#305;lmayan arazilerin kamu yarar&#305;na kamula&#351;t&#305;r&#305;lmas&#305;n&#305;n &#246;n&#252;n&#252; a&#231;mak. Yani yeniden da&#287;&#305;t&#305;mdan ziyade, at&#305;l topraklar&#305;n de&#287;erlendirilmesi hedefleniyor.</p><p>Yasa uluslararas&#305; medyada ilk ba&#351;ta fazla yank&#305; bulmad&#305;. Ancak Donald Trump bu konuda net bir tav&#305;r ald&#305;&#287;&#305;nda i&#351;ler de&#287;i&#351;ti. G&#252;ney Afrika h&#252;k&#252;metine g&#246;re, konunun bu kadar b&#252;y&#252;mesinin ard&#305;nda AfriForum isimli lobi grubunun etkisi var. Baz&#305; uzmanlara g&#246;re ise beyaz G&#252;ney Afrikal&#305;lar&#305;n kulland&#305;&#287;&#305; dil ve kendilerini ma&#287;dur g&#246;sterme bi&#231;imleri, Siyonist s&#246;ylemlerle b&#252;y&#252;k benzerlik ta&#351;&#305;yor. Bu yorumlar, G&#252;ney Afrika&#8217;n&#305;n Uluslararas&#305; Adalet Divan&#305;&#8217;nda &#304;srail&#8217;e kar&#351;&#305; a&#231;t&#305;&#287;&#305; soyk&#305;r&#305;m davas&#305;n&#305; ve Filistin&#8217;e verdi&#287;i g&#252;&#231;l&#252; deste&#287;i de yeniden g&#252;ndeme getiriyor.</p><p>Trump&#8217;un a&#231;&#305;klamalar&#305;na G&#252;ney Afrika do&#287;umlu Elon Musk da destek verdi. &#214;yle ki, G&#252;ney Afrika&#8217;da beyazlara kar&#351;&#305; bir soyk&#305;r&#305;m i&#351;lendi&#287;i iddialar&#305; dile getirilmeye ba&#351;land&#305;. Trump, bu s&#246;ylemler &#252;zerine, ilk kez beyaz G&#252;ney Afrikal&#305;lar&#305;n ABD&#8217;ye m&#252;lteci stat&#252;s&#252;yle kabul edilmesini &#246;nerdi. &#350;u ana kadar bu &#231;a&#287;r&#305;ya ciddi bir ilgi olmu&#351; de&#287;il. Ancak bu geli&#351;melerin ard&#305;ndan G&#252;ney Afrika&#8217;ya y&#246;nelik baz&#305; d&#305;&#351; yard&#305;mlar&#305;n kesilmesi gibi sonu&#231;lar&#305;n ne getirece&#287;ini zaman g&#246;sterecek.</p><p>Yasaya kar&#351;&#305; &#231;&#305;kan muhaliflerin temel endi&#351;esi, kamula&#351;t&#305;rma s&#252;recinin keyfi uygulamalara yol a&#231;abilece&#287;i. M&#252;lkiyet hakk&#305;n&#305;n yeterince korunmamas&#305; halinde yabanc&#305; yat&#305;r&#305;mc&#305;lar&#305;n &#252;lkeyi terk edebilece&#287;i d&#252;&#351;&#252;n&#252;l&#252;yor. Zimbabve&#8217;nin 2000 y&#305;l&#305;nda uygulamaya koydu&#287;u h&#305;zl&#305; ve plans&#305;z toprak reformu &#246;rnek g&#246;steriliyor. Orada ya&#351;anan hiperenflasyon, k&#305;tl&#305;k ve tar&#305;msal &#231;&#246;k&#252;&#351;, G&#252;ney Afrika i&#231;in bir uyar&#305; olarak de&#287;erlendiriliyor.</p><p><strong>Zimbabve &#214;rne&#287;i: Toprak Reformunun Karma&#351;&#305;k Miras&#305;</strong></p><p>2000&#8217;li y&#305;llar&#305;n ba&#351;&#305;nda Zimbabve, H&#305;zland&#305;r&#305;lm&#305;&#351; Toprak Reformu Program&#305;&#8217;n&#305; (Fast Track Land Reform Programme) hayata ge&#231;irdi. Yakla&#351;&#305;k 4.000 beyaz &#231;ift&#231;inin tar&#305;m arazilerine el konuldu ve bu topraklar siyah Zimbabvelilere da&#287;&#305;t&#305;ld&#305;. Mugabe y&#246;netimi bu ad&#305;m&#305;, s&#246;m&#252;rge ge&#231;mi&#351;inden kalan yap&#305;sal adaletsizlikleri d&#252;zeltmenin tek yolu olarak g&#246;rd&#252;. &#199;&#252;nk&#252; &#252;lkenin en verimli topraklar&#305; beyaz &#231;ift&#231;ilerin elindeydi, siyah halk ise &#231;o&#287;unlukla &#231;orak arazilere s&#305;k&#305;&#351;t&#305;r&#305;lm&#305;&#351;t&#305;.</p><p>Ancak bu radikal hamle, uluslararas&#305; toplumda sert tepkiyle kar&#351;&#305;land&#305;. &#214;zellikle Bat&#305;l&#305; &#252;lkelerin &#246;nc&#252;l&#252;&#287;&#252;nde Zimbabve&#8217;ye a&#287;&#305;r ekonomik yapt&#305;r&#305;mlar uyguland&#305;. Ekonomi k&#305;sa s&#252;rede darald&#305;, tar&#305;msal &#252;retim &#231;&#246;kt&#252;. Baz&#305; &#231;ift&#231;iler, tahliye emri sonras&#305; birka&#231; g&#252;n i&#231;inde t&#252;m e&#351;yalar&#305;n&#305; toplay&#305;p arazilerini terk etmek zorunda kald&#305;. Hayvanlar&#305;n&#305; ta&#351;&#305;yamayanlar, kesimhanelere g&#246;ndermek zorunda kald&#305;. Ekipmanlar &#231;o&#287;unlukla depolara y&#305;&#287;&#305;ld&#305;.</p><p>Y&#305;llar sonra, 2020&#8217;de Zimbabve h&#252;k&#251;meti, kamula&#351;t&#305;r&#305;lan araziler i&#231;in beyaz &#231;ift&#231;ilere tazminat &#246;deme s&#246;z&#252; verdi. Anla&#351;maya g&#246;re, 25 y&#305;l sonra bu &#231;ift&#231;ilere 10 y&#305;l i&#231;inde toplam 3.5 milyar dolar &#246;denmesi planland&#305;. Ancak 2017&#8217;de yap&#305;lan 15 ayl&#305;k m&#252;zakerelerin ard&#305;ndan &#231;ift&#231;iler, zarar&#305;n asl&#305;nda 5.4 milyar dolar oldu&#287;unu savundu. Yine de yap&#305;lan referandumda &#231;ift&#231;ilerin y&#252;zde 94&#8217;&#252; 3.5 milyar dolarl&#305;k teklifi kabul etti. Ne var ki, Zimbabve hazinesinde bu &#246;demeyi yapacak b&#252;t&#231;e bulunamay&#305;nca, anla&#351;man&#305;n ge&#231;ersiz oldu&#287;u iddia edilmeye ba&#351;land&#305;. &#199;ift&#231;iler, yeni bir d&#252;zenleme yap&#305;lmas&#305;n&#305; talep ediyor.</p><p>Di&#287;er yandan siyah Zimbabveliler, bu &#246;demelerin adil olmad&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305; d&#252;&#351;&#252;n&#252;yor. E&#287;er bir tazminat verilecekse bunun sadece tar&#305;msal yat&#305;r&#305;mlar i&#231;in ge&#231;erli olabilece&#287;ini, topraklar&#305;n tarihsel olarak zaten siyah halka ait oldu&#287;unu savunuyorlar. Ayr&#305;ca bu paran&#305;n &#252;lkenin sa&#287;l&#305;k, e&#287;itim ve altyap&#305; gibi daha acil ihtiya&#231;lar&#305;na y&#246;nlendirilmesi gerekti&#287;ini dile getiriyorlar.</p><p>Madalyonun di&#287;er y&#252;z&#252;nde ise ba&#351;ka bir ger&#231;ek var: 1980&#8217;de Zimbabve ba&#287;&#305;ms&#305;zl&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305; kazand&#305;&#287;&#305;nda, beyaz &#231;ift&#231;ilerin &#252;lkede kalmas&#305; ve ekonomiye katk&#305; sa&#287;lamaya devam etmeleri bizzat h&#252;k&#252;met taraf&#305;ndan istenmi&#351;ti. &#214;te yandan siyah Zimbabveliler, topraklar&#305;ndan y&#252;zy&#305;llar boyunca mahrum b&#305;rak&#305;ld&#305;klar&#305;n&#305; ve as&#305;l tazminat&#305;n Zimbabve&#8217;den de&#287;il, eski s&#246;m&#252;rge g&#252;c&#252; olan Birle&#351;ik Krall&#305;k&#8217;tan talep edilmesi gerekti&#287;ini d&#252;&#351;&#252;n&#252;yor. Ancak &#304;ngiltere bug&#252;ne kadar bu konuda resmi bir a&#231;&#305;klama yapmad&#305;.</p><p>Zimbabve &#246;rne&#287;i, yaln&#305;zca bir tar&#305;m reformunu de&#287;il; tarihsel adalet, ekonomik k&#305;r&#305;lganl&#305;k ve uluslararas&#305; siyaset gibi &#231;ok katmanl&#305; sorunlar&#305; bir arada bar&#305;nd&#305;r&#305;yor. T&#252;m taraflar&#305; tatmin edecek, s&#252;rd&#252;r&#252;lebilir bir &#231;&#246;z&#252;me ula&#351;mak ise h&#226;l&#226; olduk&#231;a zor g&#246;r&#252;n&#252;yor.</p><p><strong>G&#252;ney Afrika ile Zimbabve Ger&#231;ekten Benzer mi?</strong></p><p>Y&#252;zeyde benzer gibi g&#246;r&#252;nseler de, G&#252;ney Afrika&#8217;daki Kamula&#351;t&#305;rma Yasas&#305; ile Zimbabve&#8217;nin H&#305;zland&#305;r&#305;lm&#305;&#351; Toprak Reformu birbirinden farkl&#305; yasal ve siyasi s&#252;re&#231;lere dayan&#305;yor. Her iki &#252;lke de s&#246;m&#252;rge ge&#231;mi&#351;inin b&#305;rakt&#305;&#287;&#305; miras&#305; sorguluyor. Topra&#287;&#305;n beyaz az&#305;nl&#305;&#287;&#305;n elinde toplanmas&#305;na kar&#351;&#305; &#231;&#305;k&#305;yor. Ama izlenen yollar, hedeflenen mekanizmalar ve uygulama bi&#231;imleri birbirinden ayr&#305;l&#305;yor.</p><p>Zimbabve&#8217;de s&#252;re&#231; &#231;o&#287;u zaman &#351;iddetle ve hukuki dayana&#287;&#305; zay&#305;f bi&#231;imde y&#252;r&#252;t&#252;ld&#252;. G&#252;ney Afrika ise tazminats&#305;z kamula&#351;t&#305;rmay&#305; hi&#231;bir zaman resmi olarak g&#252;ndeme almad&#305;. S&#252;re&#231; h&#226;l&#226; tart&#305;&#351;ma a&#351;amas&#305;nda. H&#252;k&#252;met, kat&#305;l&#305;mc&#305; mekanizmalarla &#231;&#246;z&#252;m ar&#305;yor. Zimbabve&#8217;de ya&#351;ananlar&#305;n bir tekrar&#305; olmamas&#305; i&#231;in toplumun her kesimi s&#252;reci dikkatle izliyor.</p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Trump Sonrası Avrupa’nın İnsani Yardım Sınavı ve Sessiz Bir Sorumluluk Dönemi]]></title><description><![CDATA[Trump y&#246;netimi, Avrupa i&#231;in yaln&#305;zca savunma ve g&#252;venlik politikalar&#305;n&#305;n yeniden g&#246;zden ge&#231;irilmesi gereken bir d&#246;nemin habercisi olmad&#305;.]]></description><link>https://www.etkisine.com/p/trump-sonras-avrupann-insani-yardm</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.etkisine.com/p/trump-sonras-avrupann-insani-yardm</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Huseyin Akturk]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Tue, 13 May 2025 07:55:39 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/c2c9c1bb-1fab-48a1-8c79-f0f4ec8b1aff_1920x1080.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Trump y&#246;netimi, Avrupa i&#231;in yaln&#305;zca savunma ve g&#252;venlik politikalar&#305;n&#305;n yeniden g&#246;zden ge&#231;irilmesi gereken bir d&#246;nemin habercisi olmad&#305;. Ayn&#305; zamanda &#8220;America First&#8221; doktriniyle birlikte, kalk&#305;nmakta olan &#252;lkelerdeki milyonlarca insan i&#231;in hayati &#246;neme sahip insani yard&#305;m programlar&#305;n&#305;n kesilmesi gibi k&#252;resel sonu&#231;lar&#305; da beraberinde getirdi.</p><p>Mart ay&#305;nda a&#231;&#305;klanan bir kararla, ABD Uluslararas&#305; Kalk&#305;nma Ajans&#305; (USAID) kapsam&#305;ndaki programlar&#305;n %83&#8217;&#252; sonland&#305;r&#305;ld&#305;. Trump h&#252;k&#252;meti yetkililerine g&#246;re bu programlar "ABD &#231;&#305;karlar&#305;na hizmet etmiyor", ancak ba&#351;ta Avrupa Birli&#287;i olmak &#252;zere pek &#231;ok ele&#351;tirmen, bu kesintilerin HIV tedavisi gibi hayati alanlarda can kay&#305;plar&#305;na yol a&#231;t&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305; belirtiyor. 2023 y&#305;l&#305; verilerine g&#246;re ABD, d&#252;nya genelindeki resm&#238; kalk&#305;nma yard&#305;mlar&#305;n&#305;n (ODA) tek ba&#351;&#305;na %20&#8217;sini kar&#351;&#305;l&#305;yordu. Avrupa ise %41 ile lider konumdayd&#305;. Japonya %6.3, Birle&#351;ik Krall&#305;k %5.6 ve geri kalan &#252;lkeler %26.8 oran&#305;nda katk&#305; sa&#287;l&#305;yordu. Ancak ABD&#8217;nin 60 milyar dolar&#305; bulan katk&#305;s&#305;n&#305;n &#231;ekilmesiyle ortaya &#231;&#305;kan devasa bo&#351;luk &#351;imdi tek bir soruyu g&#252;ndeme getiriyor: Bu finansal bo&#351;lu&#287;u kim dolduracak?</p><p>Avrupa&#8217;da birka&#231; e&#287;ilim dikkat &#231;ekiyor. Artan g&#252;venlik kayg&#305;lar&#305;yla birlikte savunma harcamalar&#305;n&#305;n art&#305;r&#305;lmas&#305; gerekti&#287;i konusunda geni&#351; bir mutabakat olu&#351;mu&#351; durumda. Ancak bu kaynaklar&#305;n kalk&#305;nma yard&#305;m&#305; b&#252;t&#231;esinden &#231;ekilerek finanse edilmesi &#246;nerisi, insani yard&#305;mlar&#305;n gelece&#287;i a&#231;&#305;s&#305;ndan ciddi riskler ta&#351;&#305;yor. Avrupa Birli&#287;i, ABD&#8217;nin &#231;ekildi&#287;i alanlara y&#246;nelme e&#287;iliminde olsa da, bu pozisyonu a&#231;&#305;k&#231;a &#252;stlenmekten ka&#231;&#305;n&#305;yor. Bunun nedeni, Trump politikalar&#305;yla g&#246;r&#252;n&#252;rde ayn&#305; &#231;izgide yer almak istememeleri. Yine de karar vericilerin &#231;ok iyi bildi&#287;i bir ger&#231;ek var: ABD&#8217;nin deste&#287;ini &#231;ekti&#287;i her alan, Avrupa&#8217;n&#305;n g&#252;venli&#287;i i&#231;in yeni bir tehdit kayna&#287;&#305;na d&#246;n&#252;&#351;&#252;yor. Sa&#287;l&#305;k sistemleri, g&#246;&#231; hareketleri, k&#305;r&#305;lgan devletlerdeki krizler art&#305;k Avrupa&#8217;n&#305;n kap&#305;s&#305;nda. Sudan, Yemen, Suriye, Kongo gibi &#252;lkeler co&#287;rafi olarak yak&#305;n; Ukrayna ise Avrupa&#8217;n&#305;n kalbinde ya&#351;anmakta olan bir kriz.</p><p>T&#252;m bu tablo, Avrupa&#8217;da kamuoyunun insani yard&#305;mlara daha mesafeli yakla&#351;mas&#305;na neden oluyor. Enerji krizi, m&#252;lteci politikalar&#305;n&#305;n maliyeti, Ukrayna sava&#351;&#305;n&#305;n ekonomik yans&#305;malar&#305; derken, devlet b&#252;t&#231;elerinde ciddi bask&#305;lar s&#246;z konusu. Oysa teorik olarak AB&#8217;nin 7 y&#305;ll&#305;k b&#252;t&#231;esi sabit ve bu nedenle yard&#305;m fonlar&#305;nda k&#305;sa vadeli kesintiler yap&#305;lam&#305;yor. Ancak b&#252;t&#231;enin i&#231; dinamikleri de&#287;i&#351;tirilebilir ve kalk&#305;nma yard&#305;mlar&#305;, ba&#351;ka ba&#351;l&#305;klara aktar&#305;labilir. &#304;&#351;te kritik nokta da burada ba&#351;l&#305;yor: Avrupa savunma harcamalar&#305;n&#305; art&#305;r&#305;rken, insani yard&#305;mlar&#305; ikinci plana m&#305; atacak?</p><p>Bu d&#252;&#351;&#252;nce k&#305;sa vadeli bir mant&#305;&#287;a dayan&#305;yor. Halbuki uzun vadede, Avrupa kendi g&#252;venli&#287;ini ancak k&#252;resel g&#252;venli&#287;i g&#252;&#231;lendirerek sa&#287;layabilir. K&#305;r&#305;lgan devletlerdeki istikrars&#305;zl&#305;klar devam ettik&#231;e, bu b&#246;lgeler g&#246;&#231;, &#231;at&#305;&#351;ma, ter&#246;r ve radikalle&#351;me yoluyla Avrupa&#8217;ya tehdit olu&#351;turmaya devam edecektir. Avrupa, kalk&#305;nma yard&#305;mlar&#305;n&#305; sadece bir vicdani sorumluluk de&#287;il, ayn&#305; zamanda bir stratejik g&#252;venlik arac&#305; olarak g&#246;rmelidir.</p><p>Bug&#252;n Avrupa i&#231;in sinyaller net. E&#287;er Avrupa, k&#252;resel bir &#8220;yumu&#351;ak g&#252;&#231;&#8221; olmaya devam etmek istiyorsa, s&#246;ylemlerin &#246;tesine ge&#231;ip bu rol&#252; kaynak ay&#305;rarak desteklemesi gerekiyor. Yaln&#305;zca konu&#351;mak de&#287;il, ortakl&#305;k kurmak, s&#252;rd&#252;r&#252;lebilir yard&#305;mlar sunmak ve sorumluluk almak zorunda. AB&#8217;nin ge&#231;mi&#351;te g&#246;sterdi&#287;i liderli&#287;i yeniden canland&#305;rmas&#305;, panik i&#231;inde de&#287;il, uzun vadeli vizyonla hareket etmesi b&#252;y&#252;k &#246;nem ta&#351;&#305;yor.</p><p>Trump d&#246;nemi, Avrupa&#8217;ya k&#252;resel d&#252;zlemdeki rol&#252;n&#252; yeniden d&#252;&#351;&#252;nme f&#305;rsat&#305; sundu. ABD'nin geri &#231;ekildi&#287;i bir d&#252;nyada, Avrupa&#8217;n&#305;n pasif kalmas&#305; m&#252;mk&#252;n de&#287;il. Bu bo&#351;luk yaln&#305;zca stratejik de&#287;il, ayn&#305; zamanda etik bir sorumluluk do&#287;uruyor. E&#287;er Avrupa, hem kendi g&#252;venli&#287;ini hem de k&#252;resel istikrar&#305; korumak istiyorsa, &#351;imdi sadece konu&#351;ma de&#287;il, harekete ge&#231;me zaman&#305;d&#305;r.</p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[USAID’in Küresel Faaliyetlerinin Sona Ermesi ve Türkiye’ye Yansımaları]]></title><description><![CDATA["Nedense, &#252;lkemde tan&#305;d&#305;&#287;&#305;m Amerikal&#305;lar, Amerika&#8217;da tan&#305;d&#305;&#287;&#305;m Amerikal&#305;larla ayn&#305; de&#287;iller.]]></description><link>https://www.etkisine.com/p/usaidin-kuresel-faaliyetlerinin-sona</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.etkisine.com/p/usaidin-kuresel-faaliyetlerinin-sona</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Huseyin Akturk]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Tue, 13 May 2025 07:53:57 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/90ec7fc6-8ebe-42b9-9b20-f154179a0552_1920x1080.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<blockquote><p><em>"Nedense, &#252;lkemde tan&#305;d&#305;&#287;&#305;m Amerikal&#305;lar, Amerika&#8217;da tan&#305;d&#305;&#287;&#305;m Amerikal&#305;larla ayn&#305; de&#287;iller. Amerikal&#305;lar yabanc&#305; bir &#252;lkeye geldiklerinde gizemli bir de&#287;i&#351;ime u&#287;ruyor gibiler. Toplumdan izole bir &#351;ekilde ya&#351;&#305;yorlar. G&#246;steri&#351;li bir hayat s&#252;r&#252;yor, y&#252;ksek sesli ve ihti&#351;aml&#305; davran&#305;yorlar." The Ugly American by William J. Lederer &amp; Eugene Burdick, 1958</em></p></blockquote><p><strong>USAID&#8217;in Tarih&#231;esi ve K&#252;resel Rol&#252;</strong></p><p>Amerika Birle&#351;ik Devletleri Uluslararas&#305; Kalk&#305;nma Ajans&#305; (USAID), 1961 y&#305;l&#305;nda Ba&#351;kan John F. Kennedy&#8217;nin giri&#351;imiyle, So&#287;uk Sava&#351;&#8217;&#305;n zirve yapt&#305;&#287;&#305; bir d&#246;nemde kuruldu. Ajans&#305;n yasal dayana&#287;&#305;n&#305; ayn&#305; y&#305;l kabul edilen <em>Foreign Assistance Act</em> olu&#351;turdu. Ancak kurulu&#351; yaln&#305;zca jeopolitik kayg&#305;lara de&#287;il, ayn&#305; zamanda entelekt&#252;el bir d&#246;n&#252;&#351;&#252;me de dayan&#305;yordu.</p><p>Bu d&#246;n&#252;&#351;&#252;m&#252;n k&#305;v&#305;lc&#305;m&#305;, 1958 y&#305;l&#305;nda yay&#305;mlanan <em>The Ugly American</em> adl&#305; politik romanla ate&#351;lendi. ABD&#8217;nin G&#252;neydo&#287;u Asya&#8217;daki m&#252;dahaleci ve verimsiz d&#305;&#351; politikas&#305;n&#305; sert &#351;ekilde ele&#351;tiren eser, d&#246;nemin senat&#246;r&#252; olan Kennedy&#8217;yi derinden etkiledi. Kennedy, kitab&#305; t&#252;m meslekta&#351;lar&#305;na da&#287;&#305;tt&#305; ve ileride ba&#351;kan oldu&#287;unda, kalk&#305;nma temelli, halk odakl&#305; bir d&#305;&#351; politika yakla&#351;&#305;m&#305;n&#305; benimsedi. Bu vizyon do&#287;rultusunda hem Peace Corps (Bar&#305;&#351; G&#246;n&#252;ll&#252;leri) hem de USAID do&#287;du.</p><p>USAID, kuruldu&#287;u g&#252;nden bu yana ABD'nin &#8220;Diplomasi, Kalk&#305;nma ve Savunma&#8221;dan olu&#351;an d&#305;&#351; politika stratejisinde &#8220;kalk&#305;nma&#8221; aya&#287;&#305;n&#305; temsil etti. Y&#305;ll&#305;k ortalama 58 milyar dolarl&#305;k b&#252;t&#231;esiyle, yakla&#351;&#305;k 130 &#252;lkede faaliyet g&#246;sterdi. En fazla destek alan &#252;lkeler aras&#305;nda Ukrayna, Demokratik Kongo Cumhuriyeti, &#220;rd&#252;n, Etiyopya, Filistin, Sudan, Nijerya, Yemen, Afganistan ve G&#252;ney Sudan bulunmaktayd&#305;. D&#252;nya Bankas&#305; taraf&#305;ndan &#8220;d&#252;&#351;&#252;k gelirli&#8221; olarak tan&#305;mlanan 77 &#252;lkenin 69'u USAID yard&#305;mlar&#305;ndan do&#287;rudan yararland&#305;.</p><p>USAID yaln&#305;zca insani yard&#305;m sa&#287;lamakla kalmad&#305;; yoksullu&#287;un azalt&#305;lmas&#305;, &#231;at&#305;&#351;malar sonras&#305; istikrar&#305;n sa&#287;lanmas&#305;, sa&#287;l&#305;k sistemlerinin g&#252;&#231;lendirilmesi, iklim de&#287;i&#351;ikli&#287;iyle m&#252;cadele ve ekonomik kalk&#305;nman&#305;n desteklenmesi gibi geni&#351; bir yelpazede faaliyet g&#246;sterdi. B&#246;ylece hem ABD&#8217;nin yumu&#351;ak g&#252;c&#252;n&#252;n hem de k&#252;resel insani yard&#305;m mimarisinin temel akt&#246;rlerinden biri haline geldi.</p><div><hr></div><p><strong>K&#252;resel Bir D&#246;n&#252;m Noktas&#305;: USAID&#8217;in Tasfiyesi</strong></p><p>2024 y&#305;l&#305;nda, Ba&#351;kan Donald Trump&#8217;&#305;n ikinci d&#246;nemine ba&#351;lamas&#305;yla birlikte, USAID&#8217;in faaliyetleri k&#252;resel &#246;l&#231;ekte durduruldu. Ajans&#305;n yurt d&#305;&#351;&#305; ofisleri birer birer kapat&#305;ld&#305;, resmi internet sitesi eri&#351;ime kapat&#305;ld&#305;, binlerce &#231;al&#305;&#351;an &#252;cretsiz izne &#231;&#305;kar&#305;ld&#305; veya i&#351;ten &#231;&#305;kar&#305;ld&#305;. H&#226;lihaz&#305;rda y&#252;r&#252;t&#252;len y&#252;zlerce proje ve s&#246;zle&#351;me iptal edildi; hatta tamamlanm&#305;&#351; i&#351;lerin &#246;demeleri dahi yap&#305;lmad&#305;. Bu durum yaln&#305;zca USAID personelini de&#287;il, y&#252;klenici firmalar&#305;, uluslararas&#305; ortaklar&#305; ve milyonlarca faydalan&#305;c&#305;y&#305; do&#287;rudan etkiledi.</p><p>En &#231;arp&#305;c&#305; &#246;rneklerden biri, 2003&#8217;te ba&#351;lat&#305;lan ve bug&#252;ne kadar 20 milyondan fazla ki&#351;iye HIV tedavisi sunan PEPFAR (Ba&#351;kan&#305;n AIDS Yard&#305;m Acil Plan&#305;) program&#305;yd&#305;. 2024 y&#305;l&#305; boyunca 83 milyon ki&#351;i HIV testi yapt&#305;rm&#305;&#351;; y&#252;z binlerce &#231;ocuk tedaviye eri&#351;mi&#351;; 300 binden fazla sa&#287;l&#305;k &#231;al&#305;&#351;an&#305;n&#305;n maa&#351;&#305; USAID b&#252;t&#231;esinden kar&#351;&#305;lanm&#305;&#351;t&#305;. Ajans&#305;n sa&#287;l&#305;k alan&#305;ndaki katk&#305;s&#305;, yaln&#305;zca hayat kurtarmakla s&#305;n&#305;rl&#305; kalmay&#305;p, ayn&#305; zamanda yerel sa&#287;l&#305;k sistemlerinin g&#252;&#231;lendirilmesine ve s&#252;rd&#252;r&#252;lebilirli&#287;ine b&#252;y&#252;k katk&#305; sa&#287;lam&#305;&#351;t&#305;. &#304;klim de&#287;i&#351;ikli&#287;iyle m&#252;cadele, &#231;evre koruma, yenilenebilir enerji yat&#305;r&#305;mlar&#305; ve do&#287;al kaynaklar&#305;n s&#252;rd&#252;r&#252;lebilir kullan&#305;m&#305; gibi alanlarda da USAID, stratejik programlar y&#252;r&#252;tmekteydi.</p><p>Trump y&#246;netiminin, &#8220;ulusal bor&#231;&#8221; gerek&#231;esiyle d&#305;&#351; yard&#305;m b&#252;t&#231;elerini hedef almas&#305;, teknik bir tasarruf de&#287;il; uluslararas&#305; sistemin y&#246;n&#252;n&#252; de&#287;i&#351;tirebilecek siyasi bir tercihti. Oysa d&#305;&#351; yard&#305;mlar, ABD'nin toplam federal b&#252;t&#231;esinin yaln&#305;zca %1&#8217;inden az&#305;n&#305; olu&#351;turuyordu.</p><div><hr></div><p><strong>T&#252;rkiye&#8217;ye Etkiler: &#214;l&#231;&#252;lebilir mi?</strong></p><p>USAID&#8217;in k&#252;resel &#246;l&#231;ekte faaliyetlerini durdurmas&#305;, T&#252;rkiye&#8217;yi de dolayl&#305; &#351;ekilde etkileyen bir geli&#351;medir. Her ne kadar T&#252;rkiye, yard&#305;m alan &#252;lkeler aras&#305;nda &#252;st s&#305;ralarda yer almasa da, USAID&#8217;in do&#287;rudan ya da dolayl&#305; olarak destekledi&#287;i projeler, &#246;zellikle sivil toplum, insani yard&#305;m ve g&#246;&#231; alanlar&#305;nda &#246;nemli bir rol oynam&#305;&#351;t&#305;r.</p><p>2024 y&#305;l&#305;nda ABD, T&#252;rkiye'deki 74 operasyon i&#231;in yakla&#351;&#305;k 82 milyon dolarl&#305;k kaynak ay&#305;rm&#305;&#351;t&#305;r. Bu tutar&#305;n:</p><ul><li><p>75 milyon dolar&#305; insani yard&#305;mlara,</p></li><li><p>4.2 milyon dolar&#305; program desteklerine,</p></li><li><p>1.4 milyon dolar&#305; bar&#305;&#351; ve g&#252;venli&#287;e,</p></li><li><p>591 bin dolar&#305; ekonomik kalk&#305;nmaya,</p></li><li><p>33 bin dolar&#305; &#231;evre projelerine tahsis edilmi&#351;tir.</p></li></ul><p>Bu toplam&#305;n yakla&#351;&#305;k 26.6 milyon dolar&#305; USAID arac&#305;l&#305;&#287;&#305;yla y&#246;netilmi&#351;tir. Geri kalan fonlar, D&#305;&#351;i&#351;leri Bakanl&#305;&#287;&#305; ve di&#287;er ABD kurumlar&#305; &#252;zerinden aktar&#305;lm&#305;&#351;t&#305;r.</p><p>T&#252;rkiye&#8217;de faaliyet g&#246;steren uygulay&#305;c&#305; ortaklar aras&#305;nda UNICEF, WFP, UNDP, ILO, WHO, GOAL, Save the Children, Doctors of the World, CARE International ve yerel sivil toplum kurulu&#351;lar&#305; yer almaktad&#305;r. 2023&#8217;te ayr&#305;lan toplam d&#305;&#351; yard&#305;m 180 milyon dolar, 2022&#8217;de ise 69 milyon dolard&#305;.</p><p>USAID&#8217;in y&#305;llara g&#246;re T&#252;rkiye b&#252;t&#231;esini a&#351;a&#287;&#305;da g&#246;rebilirsiniz.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!a2SY!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F69448e4c-baee-44da-b1c4-5291c3a5c64b_747x371.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!a2SY!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F69448e4c-baee-44da-b1c4-5291c3a5c64b_747x371.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!a2SY!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F69448e4c-baee-44da-b1c4-5291c3a5c64b_747x371.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!a2SY!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F69448e4c-baee-44da-b1c4-5291c3a5c64b_747x371.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!a2SY!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F69448e4c-baee-44da-b1c4-5291c3a5c64b_747x371.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!a2SY!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F69448e4c-baee-44da-b1c4-5291c3a5c64b_747x371.png" width="747" height="371" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/69448e4c-baee-44da-b1c4-5291c3a5c64b_747x371.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:371,&quot;width&quot;:747,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" title="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!a2SY!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F69448e4c-baee-44da-b1c4-5291c3a5c64b_747x371.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!a2SY!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F69448e4c-baee-44da-b1c4-5291c3a5c64b_747x371.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!a2SY!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F69448e4c-baee-44da-b1c4-5291c3a5c64b_747x371.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!a2SY!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F69448e4c-baee-44da-b1c4-5291c3a5c64b_747x371.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p><sup>Kaynak: Foreignassistance.gov</sup></p><p>USAID&#8217;in T&#252;rkiye &#252;zerindeki etkisi, do&#287;rudan devlet b&#252;t&#231;esi a&#231;&#305;s&#305;ndan s&#305;n&#305;rl&#305; olsa da, STK&#8217;lar, uluslararas&#305; kurulu&#351;lar ve proje tabanl&#305; &#231;al&#305;&#351;an kurumlar a&#231;&#305;s&#305;ndan &#246;nemli bir finansman kayna&#287;&#305;n&#305;n kesilmesi anlam&#305;na gelmektedir. Bu da k&#305;sa ve orta vadede baz&#305; projelerin durmas&#305;na, kapasite kay&#305;plar&#305;na ve i&#351; g&#252;c&#252; daralmas&#305;na yol a&#231;abilir.</p><div><hr></div><p><strong>Bo&#351;lu&#287;u Kim Dolduracak?</strong></p><p>ABD, onlarca y&#305;l boyunca sadece d&#252;nyan&#305;n en b&#252;y&#252;k kalk&#305;nma finansman&#305; sa&#287;lay&#305;c&#305;s&#305; de&#287;il; ayn&#305; zamanda k&#252;resel yard&#305;m normlar&#305;n&#305;n belirleyicisiydi. USAID&#8217;in k&#252;resel sistemden &#231;ekilmesiyle olu&#351;an bo&#351;luk, yaln&#305;zca finansal de&#287;il; ayn&#305; zamanda jeopolitik bir bo&#351;luktur.</p><p>Bu bo&#351;lu&#287;u doldurmaya en g&#252;&#231;l&#252; adaylardan biri &#199;in olarak g&#246;r&#252;n&#252;yor. Nitekim USAID&#8217;in &#231;ekilmesinden haftalar sonra, &#199;in&#8217;in Kambo&#231;ya&#8217;daki e&#287;itim projelerine h&#305;zla m&#252;dahil oldu&#287;u ve &#231;ocuk beslenmesi alan&#305;nda yeni giri&#351;imlerde bulundu. &#199;in, son on y&#305;lda ba&#351;ta Afrika olmak &#252;zere Asya ve Latin Amerika&#8217;da altyap&#305;, sa&#287;l&#305;k ve e&#287;itim gibi alanlarda etkisini art&#305;rmakta, ABD sahneden &#231;ekildik&#231;e &#199;in&#8217;in manevra alan&#305; geni&#351;lemektedir.</p><p>Rusya da, &#246;zellikle Afrika&#8217;da baz&#305; &#252;lkelerde, do&#287;rudan kalk&#305;nma de&#287;ilse bile g&#252;venlik i&#351; birlikleri ve siyasi yak&#305;nla&#351;malar yoluyla etkisini art&#305;rma &#231;abas&#305;ndad&#305;r. Ancak Rusya&#8217;n&#305;n kaynak kapasitesi, USAID&#8217;in b&#305;rakt&#305;&#287;&#305; b&#252;y&#252;k bo&#351;lu&#287;u doldurmaya elveri&#351;li de&#287;ildir.</p><div><hr></div><p><strong>T&#252;rkiye&#8217;nin Potansiyel Rol&#252;: T&#304;KA&#8217;n&#305;n Gelece&#287;i</strong></p><p>T&#252;rkiye, kalk&#305;nma yard&#305;mlar&#305; alan&#305;nda giderek daha etkin bir akt&#246;r haline gelmektedir. T&#252;rk &#304;&#351;birli&#287;i ve Koordinasyon Ajans&#305; (T&#304;KA), 1990&#8217;l&#305; y&#305;llardan bu yana ba&#351;ta Orta Asya, Balkanlar, Afrika ve Orta Do&#287;u&#8217;da olmak &#252;zere y&#252;zlerce projeye imza atm&#305;&#351;t&#305;r. Bug&#252;n itibar&#305;yla 150&#8217;den fazla &#252;lkede faaliyet g&#246;stermekte; 60&#8217;&#305; a&#351;k&#305;n &#252;lkede program koordinasyon ofisi bulundurmaktad&#305;r.</p><p>Ancak USAID gibi b&#252;y&#252;k &#246;l&#231;ekli bir akt&#246;r&#252;n yerini doldurmak, yaln&#305;zca kurumsal kapasiteyle de&#287;il; ayn&#305; zamanda stratejik vizyon, &#231;ok tarafl&#305; diplomasi ve s&#252;rd&#252;r&#252;lebilir kaynaklarla m&#252;mk&#252;nd&#252;r. T&#304;KA&#8217;n&#305;n 2024 y&#305;l&#305; b&#252;t&#231;esinin yaln&#305;zca 68.8 milyon dolar oldu&#287;u g&#246;z &#246;n&#252;nde bulunduruldu&#287;unda, olu&#351;an bo&#351;lu&#287;u doldurmak mevcut haliyle olduk&#231;a zor oldu&#287;u a&#231;&#305;kt&#305;r.</p><p>Bununla birlikte, ABD&#8217;nin &#231;ekildi&#287;i sahalarda T&#252;rkiye&#8217;nin daha stratejik, g&#246;r&#252;n&#252;r ve &#231;ok payda&#351;l&#305; bir kalk&#305;nma diplomasisi geli&#351;tirmesi hem b&#246;lgesel etkisini art&#305;rabilir hem de uluslararas&#305; alanda yeni bir konumlanma sa&#287;layabilir.</p><p>H&#252;seyin Akt&#252;rk</p><p></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Mantıksal Çerçeve Matrisi (Logframe) Nasıl Doldurulur?]]></title><description><![CDATA[Bir&#231;ok ki&#351;i i&#231;in &#252;rk&#252;t&#252;c&#252; g&#246;r&#252;nen mant&#305;ksal &#231;er&#231;eve matrisinin doldurulmas&#305; asl&#305;nda kendi i&#231;indeki mant&#305;&#287;&#305; anlad&#305;ktan sonra olduk&#231;a kolayd&#305;r.]]></description><link>https://www.etkisine.com/p/mantksal-cerceve-matrisi-logframe</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.etkisine.com/p/mantksal-cerceve-matrisi-logframe</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Huseyin Akturk]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Tue, 13 May 2025 07:49:00 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/cd266047-2445-40b0-a50c-87683b2c3949_1920x1080.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Bir&#231;ok ki&#351;i i&#231;in &#252;rk&#252;t&#252;c&#252; g&#246;r&#252;nen mant&#305;ksal &#231;er&#231;eve matrisinin doldurulmas&#305; asl&#305;nda kendi i&#231;indeki mant&#305;&#287;&#305; anlad&#305;ktan sonra olduk&#231;a kolayd&#305;r. &#214;zellikle projelerde &#231;al&#305;&#351;an uzmanlar i&#231;in olduk&#231;a &#246;nemli bir ara&#231; olan bu formun do&#287;ru doldurulmas&#305; hem projenin yaz&#305;m a&#351;amas&#305; hem y&#252;r&#252;tme a&#351;amas&#305; ve hatta sonra de&#287;erlendirme a&#351;amas&#305; i&#231;in olduk&#231;a &#246;nemlidir. Bu yaz&#305;da bir mant&#305;ksal &#231;er&#231;eve formunun nas&#305;l doldurulmas&#305; gerekti&#287;i ile ilgili k&#305;sa bir bilgi notunu sizlerle payla&#351;aca&#287;&#305;z.</p><p><strong>Mant&#305;ksal &#199;er&#231;eve Nedir?</strong></p><p>Mant&#305;ksal &#231;er&#231;eve matrisi, &#246;zellikle &#252;lkemizde Avrupa Birli&#287;i ile &#246;zde&#351;le&#351;mi&#351; bir kavram olsa da asl&#305;nda orijinali Amerikan olup ilk Amerikan ordusu taraf&#305;ndan askeri ama&#231;larla kullan&#305;lmaya ba&#351;lanm&#305;&#351;t&#305;r. Daha sonra da 1960&#8217;lar&#305;n ba&#351;&#305;nda kalk&#305;nma projeleri i&#231;in USAid taraf&#305;ndan kullan&#305;lm&#305;&#351;t&#305;r. Mant&#305;ksal &#199;er&#231;eve ancak 1990&#8217;l&#305; y&#305;llar&#305;n ba&#351;lar&#305;nda Avrupa&#8217;da yayg&#305;nla&#351;maya ba&#351;lam&#305;&#351;t&#305;r.</p><p>Mant&#305;ksal &#231;er&#231;eve matrisinin farkl&#305; versiyonlar&#305; olsa da en temel format&#305; 4x4 matris &#351;eklindedir (toplam 16 h&#252;creden olu&#351;ur). Mant&#305;ksal &#231;er&#231;eve sizi amac&#305;n&#305;za ula&#351;t&#305;ran bir plan &#231;izelgesi olarak d&#252;&#351;&#252;n&#252;lebilir. &#214;nce mant&#305;ksal &#231;er&#231;evenin yayg&#305;n olarak kullan&#305;lan temel format&#305;na bakal&#305;m:</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!PO-m!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffd946b49-9f06-4f11-860c-90d8f462edd6_851x545.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!PO-m!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffd946b49-9f06-4f11-860c-90d8f462edd6_851x545.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!PO-m!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffd946b49-9f06-4f11-860c-90d8f462edd6_851x545.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!PO-m!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffd946b49-9f06-4f11-860c-90d8f462edd6_851x545.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!PO-m!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffd946b49-9f06-4f11-860c-90d8f462edd6_851x545.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!PO-m!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffd946b49-9f06-4f11-860c-90d8f462edd6_851x545.png" width="851" height="545" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/fd946b49-9f06-4f11-860c-90d8f462edd6_851x545.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:545,&quot;width&quot;:851,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:false,&quot;topImage&quot;:true,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" title="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!PO-m!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffd946b49-9f06-4f11-860c-90d8f462edd6_851x545.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!PO-m!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffd946b49-9f06-4f11-860c-90d8f462edd6_851x545.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!PO-m!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffd946b49-9f06-4f11-860c-90d8f462edd6_851x545.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!PO-m!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ffd946b49-9f06-4f11-860c-90d8f462edd6_851x545.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" fetchpriority="high"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>G&#246;r&#252;lece&#287;i &#252;zere, matris 4 sat&#305;r ve 4 s&#252;tundan olu&#351;maktad&#305;r. Sa&#287; &#252;st h&#252;cre her zaman bo&#351; b&#305;rak&#305;lmal&#305;d&#305;r. L&#252;tfen o h&#252;creyi doldurmay&#305;n. Bunun sebebi a&#351;a&#287;&#305;da a&#231;&#305;klanacakt&#305;r.</p><p><strong>Mant&#305;ksal &#199;er&#231;eve Matrisinin Yap&#305;s&#305;:</strong></p><p>Mant&#305;ksal &#231;er&#231;eve 4 ana b&#246;l&#252;mden olu&#351;ur. Bu b&#246;l&#252;mler:</p><ul><li><p>Projenin hedefleri hiyerar&#351;isi (Hierarchy of Purposes)</p><ol><li><p>Genel Hedef</p></li><li><p>&#214;zel Hedefler</p></li><li><p>Beklenen Sonu&#231;lar</p></li></ol></li><li><p>Projenin Girdileri (Project Inputs)</p><ol><li><p>Faaliyetler</p></li><li><p>Ara&#231;lar</p></li><li><p>B&#252;t&#231;e</p></li></ol></li><li><p>Projedeki varsay&#305;mlar (Project Assumptions)</p></li><li><p>Ba&#351;ar&#305; G&#246;stergeleri (Performance Indicators)</p></li></ul><p>Bu b&#246;l&#252;mleri a&#351;a&#287;&#305;daki gibi g&#246;rselle&#351;tirebiliriz.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_l8j!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5874ed3e-0a13-4351-a2e6-ba024de1b78c_851x545.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_l8j!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5874ed3e-0a13-4351-a2e6-ba024de1b78c_851x545.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_l8j!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5874ed3e-0a13-4351-a2e6-ba024de1b78c_851x545.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_l8j!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5874ed3e-0a13-4351-a2e6-ba024de1b78c_851x545.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_l8j!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5874ed3e-0a13-4351-a2e6-ba024de1b78c_851x545.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_l8j!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5874ed3e-0a13-4351-a2e6-ba024de1b78c_851x545.png" width="851" height="545" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/5874ed3e-0a13-4351-a2e6-ba024de1b78c_851x545.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:545,&quot;width&quot;:851,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" title="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_l8j!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5874ed3e-0a13-4351-a2e6-ba024de1b78c_851x545.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_l8j!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5874ed3e-0a13-4351-a2e6-ba024de1b78c_851x545.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_l8j!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5874ed3e-0a13-4351-a2e6-ba024de1b78c_851x545.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!_l8j!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5874ed3e-0a13-4351-a2e6-ba024de1b78c_851x545.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Bu d&#246;rt grup da bir puzzle&#8217;&#305;n par&#231;alar&#305; gibidir. Hedefleri hiyerar&#351;isini kurgulayabilmemiz i&#231;in di&#287;er 3 b&#246;l&#252;m&#252;n sorunsuz bir &#351;ekilde doldurulmas&#305; gerekir.</p><p><strong>Mant&#305;ksal &#199;er&#231;evenin Matrisi nas&#305;l doldurulur?</strong></p><p>Mant&#305;ksal &#231;er&#231;eve matrisini haz&#305;rlamadan &#246;nce proje haz&#305;rl&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305;z&#305;n analiz a&#351;amalar&#305;n&#305; (sorun analizi, hedef analizi, strateji analizi ve payda&#351; analizi) tamamlam&#305;&#351; olman&#305;z gerekir. E&#287;er bu a&#351;amalar&#305; sorunsuz bir &#351;ekilde tamamlad&#305;ysan&#305;z hedefler hiyerar&#351;isinin kurgusunu yapabilirsiniz. Matrisi doldururken a&#351;a&#287;&#305;daki s&#305;ralamay&#305; takip etmeniz sizin i&#231;in kolayl&#305;k sa&#287;layacakt&#305;r.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!aiWq!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff12b5d54-0bf7-40d6-ac9d-80a3446d78f8_851x545.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!aiWq!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff12b5d54-0bf7-40d6-ac9d-80a3446d78f8_851x545.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!aiWq!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff12b5d54-0bf7-40d6-ac9d-80a3446d78f8_851x545.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!aiWq!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff12b5d54-0bf7-40d6-ac9d-80a3446d78f8_851x545.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!aiWq!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff12b5d54-0bf7-40d6-ac9d-80a3446d78f8_851x545.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!aiWq!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff12b5d54-0bf7-40d6-ac9d-80a3446d78f8_851x545.png" width="851" height="545" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/f12b5d54-0bf7-40d6-ac9d-80a3446d78f8_851x545.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:545,&quot;width&quot;:851,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" title="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!aiWq!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff12b5d54-0bf7-40d6-ac9d-80a3446d78f8_851x545.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!aiWq!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff12b5d54-0bf7-40d6-ac9d-80a3446d78f8_851x545.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!aiWq!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff12b5d54-0bf7-40d6-ac9d-80a3446d78f8_851x545.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!aiWq!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff12b5d54-0bf7-40d6-ac9d-80a3446d78f8_851x545.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><ol><li><p>Genel Hedef: Projemiz ile ula&#351;maya &#231;al&#305;&#351;t&#305;&#287;&#305;m&#305;z genel hedefimiz nedir? Bu genel hedefin program rehberinde belirtilen hedeflerle &#246;rt&#252;&#351;mesi gerekti&#287;ini unutmay&#305;n. Genel hedef uzun vadede ula&#351;maya &#231;al&#305;&#351;t&#305;&#287;&#305;m&#305;z hedeflerdir. (Strateji a&#287;ac&#305;n&#305;z&#305;n birinci sat&#305;r&#305; genel hatlar&#305;yla size genel hedefiniz hakk&#305;nda ipucu verir)</p></li><li><p>&#214;zel Hedefler: Projemizin spesifik olarak ula&#351;maya &#231;al&#305;&#351;t&#305;&#287;&#305; hedefleri nelerdir? Genel hedefteki gibi, l&#252;tfen &#246;zel hedeflerin de program rehberindeki hedeflerle &#246;rt&#252;&#351;mesi gerekti&#287;ini unutmay&#305;n. (Strateji a&#287;ac&#305;n&#305;z&#305;n ikinci sat&#305;r&#305; genel hatlar&#305;yla size &#246;zel hedefleriniz hakk&#305;nda ipucu verir). Orta vadeli hedeflerdir.</p></li><li><p>Beklenen Sonu&#231;lar: Projemiz ile ula&#351;aca&#287;&#305;m&#305;z sonu&#231;lar nelerdir? Beklenen sonu&#231;lar k&#305;sa vadeli hedeflerdir ve hemen faaliyet ve &#231;&#305;kt&#305;lar&#305; (outputs) takip eder. &#214;rne&#287;in 20 ki&#351;ilik seramik kursu a&#231;mak bir faaliyettir; 20 ki&#351;inin kursun sonunda kapasitelerinin iyile&#351;tirilmesi bir beklenen sonu&#231;tur. Bu sonu&#231;lar da program rehberinde belirtilen sonu&#231; g&#246;stergeleri ve &#231;&#305;kt&#305; g&#246;stergeleri ile uyumlu olmak zorundad&#305;r.</p></li><li><p>Faaliyetler: Projenin i&#351; paketleridir. Bizi hedeflerimize ula&#351;t&#305;racak t&#252;m faaliyetler (i&#351; paketleri) burada listelenir.</p></li><li><p>Ara&#231;lar: Faaliyetlerimizi ger&#231;ekle&#351;tirmek i&#231;in ihtiya&#231; duydu&#287;umuz her &#351;ey burada listelenir. &#214;rne&#287;in bir e&#287;itim i&#231;in bilgisayara, e&#287;itmene, s&#305;n&#305;fa, dok&#252;manlara, projekt&#246;re ihtiya&#231; duyar&#305;z.</p></li><li><p>B&#252;t&#231;e: Bu b&#246;l&#252;m b&#252;t&#231;e dok&#252;man&#305;n&#305;n ana kalem ba&#351;l&#305;klar&#305;n&#305;n aktar&#305;ld&#305;&#287;&#305; h&#252;credir. &#214;rne&#287;in: &#304;nsan kaynaklar&#305; &#8364;&#8230;., Seyahat &#8230;..&#8364;, Ekipman Malzeme &#8230;.. &#8364; gibi</p></li><li><p>Bu h&#252;crede asl&#305;nda iki soru yer almaktad&#305;r. Birinci soru, "projemize ba&#351;lamak i&#231;in herhangi bir &#246;n ko&#351;ul var m&#305;d&#305;r?" sorusudur. &#214;rne&#287;in; okullarda e&#287;itimler verebilmeniz i&#231;in Milli E&#287;itim Bakanl&#305;&#287;&#305; ile bir protokol yap&#305;lmas&#305; &#246;n ko&#351;ul olabilir. H&#252;crenin ikinci k&#305;sm&#305; ile standart varsay&#305;m sorumuzdur. 7., 8., ve 9., sorular&#305;n nas&#305;l yan&#305;tlanaca&#287;&#305; a&#351;a&#287;&#305;da ayr&#305;ca bir b&#246;l&#252;mde anlat&#305;lacakt&#305;r.</p></li><li><p>A&#351;a&#287;&#305;da ayr&#305;ca anlat&#305;lacakt&#305;r.</p></li><li><p>A&#351;a&#287;&#305;da ayr&#305;ca anlat&#305;lacakt&#305;r.</p></li><li><p>&#199;&#305;kt&#305; g&#246;stergeleri h&#252;cremizdir. 10. ve 11. h&#252;creler hemen arka arkaya doldurulur. 10. H&#252;crenin bizden bekledi&#287;i, "ger&#231;ekle&#351;tireceklerimizin say&#305;sal ba&#351;ar&#305; s&#305;n&#305;r&#305; bizim i&#231;in ne olacakt&#305;r?" sorusunun cevab&#305;d&#305;r. &#214;rne&#287;in; 100 ki&#351;ilik bir meslek edindirme kursu a&#231;t&#305;n&#305;z; bu h&#252;crenin size sordu&#287;u &#8220;say&#305;sal olarak ka&#231; ki&#351;ilik, ya da oransal olarak y&#252;zde ka&#231;l&#305;k bir kat&#305;l&#305;m sizin i&#231;in ba&#351;ar&#305;l&#305; sonu&#231; kabul edilecektir?&#8221;. 100 ki&#351;ilik bir kurs a&#231;t&#305;n&#305;z, bu &#246;&#287;rencilerin y&#252;zde 90&#8217;&#305;n&#305;n proje sonunda s&#305;navlar&#305;n&#305; ge&#231;erek sertifikalar&#305;n&#305; almaya hak kazanmalar&#305; sizin kabul etti&#287;iniz bir ba&#351;ar&#305; s&#305;n&#305;r&#305; olabilir. Herkes burada kendine farkl&#305; hedefler koyar. L&#252;tfen buraya yazd&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305;z ba&#351;ar&#305; g&#246;stergelerinden proje s&#252;resince ve sonras&#305;nda sorumlu oldu&#287;unu unutmay&#305;n&#305;z. E&#287;er y&#252;zde 90&#8217;l&#305;k bir hedef koyduysan&#305;z ve y&#252;zde 40&#8217;a ula&#351;t&#305;ysan&#305;z izleme de&#287;erlendirme a&#351;amas&#305;nda bunun sebepleri ara&#351;t&#305;r&#305;lacakt&#305;r.</p></li><li><p>H&#252;cre 10. H&#252;crede yazd&#305;&#287;&#305;m&#305;z&#305; nas&#305;l kan&#305;tlayaca&#287;&#305;m&#305;z&#305;n cevab&#305;n&#305;n istendi&#287;i b&#246;l&#252;md&#252;r. Kendimize y&#252;zde 90&#8217;l&#305;k bir hedef koyduysak, bunu projenin sonunda objektif bir &#351;ekilde nas&#305;l kan&#305;tlars&#305;n&#305;z. 90 ki&#351;inin kapasitesi artt&#305; demek objektif bir do&#287;rulama &#351;ekli de&#287;ildir. Ancak 90 ki&#351;inin tam kat&#305;l&#305;m sa&#287;lad&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305; g&#246;sterir imza listeleri, foto&#287;raflar, video kay&#305;tlar&#305;, s&#305;nav sonu&#231;lar&#305;, sertifika kopyalar&#305; birer objektif kan&#305;t olabilir.</p></li><li><p>H&#252;cre gibidir. &#214;zel hedeflerimizin say&#305;sal ba&#351;ar&#305; kar&#351;&#305;l&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305;n yaz&#305;lmas&#305; beklenir. Mesela faaliyetimiz, 100 ki&#351;iye turizm sekt&#246;r&#252;nde meslek edindirme kursunun a&#231;&#305;lmas&#305;, bunun sonucunda ula&#351;aca&#287;&#305;m&#305;z beklenen sonu&#231; 100 ki&#351;inin mesleki kapasitesinin art&#305;r&#305;lmas&#305; olsun. &#214;zel hedefimizin ise &#8230; il&#231;esinde otel kalitesinin iyile&#351;tirilmesi, genel hedefimizin de &#8230; il&#231;esindeki turist say&#305;s&#305;n&#305;n art&#305;r&#305;lmas&#305; oldu&#287;unu varsayal&#305;m. Sadece kavramlar&#305; kolayla&#351;t&#305;rmak i&#231;in kurgulad&#305;&#287;&#305;m&#305;z bu &#246;rne&#287;i a&#351;a&#287;&#305;daki gibi g&#246;rselle&#351;tirebiliriz (Normalde projelerinizde onlarca faaliyet olacakt&#305;r, sadece basitle&#351;tirmek i&#231;in bu &#246;rnek &#252;zerinden gidebiliriz). Bu &#246;rnekte otel kalitesinin iyile&#351;ti&#287;ini say&#305;sal olarak nas&#305;l belirtiriz. Booking.com puan&#305;nda 2018 y&#305;l&#305;nda &#8230;. &#304;l&#231;emizin otel puan&#305; ortalamas&#305; 7.2 iken projemizin sonunda biz bu ortalamay&#305; 7.6&#8217;ya &#231;&#305;karaca&#287;&#305;z bir &#246;rnek olabilir.</p></li></ol><p>13. Peki bunu nas&#305;l kan&#305;tlar&#305;z? Bunun yan&#305;t&#305; da olduk&#231;a basit, &#246;rne&#287;imiz &#252;zerinden gidecek olursak, 2018 y&#305;l&#305; &#8230; il&#231;e otellerinin booking.com puanlar&#305;n&#305;n &#231;&#305;kt&#305;lar&#305; al&#305;nabilir, ayn&#305; i&#351;lem proje sonunda da yap&#305;l&#305;r ve sonu&#231;lar kar&#351;&#305;la&#351;t&#305;r&#305;l&#305;r.</p><p>14. 10 ve 12. H&#252;crelerin en makro &#246;l&#231;e&#287;idir. &#214;rne&#287;imiz &#252;zerinden hareket edecek olursak, &#8230;. &#304;l&#231;esine gelen yabanc&#305; turist say&#305;s&#305;nda art&#305;&#351; olan genel hedefimiz i&#231;in say&#305;sal bir ba&#351;ar&#305; g&#246;stergesi belirtmemiz gerekecektir. Makul ve ger&#231;ekle&#351;tirilebilir hedefler vermeyi unutmay&#305;n. Y&#252;zde 50 artacak demeniz bir proje ile ger&#231;ekle&#351;mesi &#231;ok olas&#305; bir hedef de&#287;ildir. Uygun olan &#246;ng&#246;rd&#252;&#287;&#252;n&#252;z y&#252;zdelik oran ne ise o oran&#305; buraya yazabilirsiniz.</p><p>15. Bu h&#252;crede de bunun nas&#305;l objektif bir &#351;ekilde do&#287;rulanabilece&#287;i sorgulanmakta. Burada da ilgili resmi kurum istatistikleri bir kan&#305;t olarak g&#246;sterilebilir.</p><p><em>&#214;rnekte tekil bir faaliyet, beklenen sonu&#231;, &#246;zel hedef ve genel hedef &#252;zerinden gidildi&#287;ini hat&#305;rlatmakta fayda var, zira projelerinizde her bir faaliyet i&#231;in, her bir beklenen sonu&#231; ve &#246;zel hedef i&#231;in ayr&#305; ayr&#305; g&#246;stergeler ve do&#287;rulama kaynaklar&#305; yazacaks&#305;n&#305;z.</em></p><p><strong>Mant&#305;ksal &#199;er&#231;evede varsay&#305;mlar s&#252;tunu nas&#305;l doldurulur?</strong></p><p>&#350;ablonumuzda 7. 8. ve 9. H&#252;cremizde denk gelen varsay&#305;mlar&#305;n doldurulmas&#305; biraz kar&#305;&#351;&#305;k g&#246;r&#252;lmekte ancak metodolojideki y&#246;ntem ile olduk&#231;a kolay bir &#351;ekilde doldurulabilmektedir.</p><p>Buradaki temel c&#252;mleler a&#351;a&#287;&#305;dan yukar&#305;ya do&#287;ru</p><ul><li><p>E&#287;er &#8230;&#8230;&#8230;. Faaliyetini ger&#231;ekle&#351;tirirsem ve &#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230; varsay&#305;mlar&#305;m do&#287;ruysa &#8230;&#8230;&#8230;.. sonucuna ula&#351;&#305;r&#305;m.</p></li><li><p>E&#287;er &#8230;&#8230;&#8230;. Sonucuna ula&#351;&#305;rsam ve &#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;. varsay&#305;mlar&#305;m do&#287;ruysa &#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;.. &#246;zel hedefine ula&#351;&#305;r&#305;m</p></li><li><p>E&#287;er &#8230;&#8230;&#8230;. Hedefine ula&#351;&#305;rsam ve &#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;.. varsay&#305;mlar&#305;m do&#287;ruysa &#8230;&#8230; olan genel hedefime ula&#351;&#305;r&#305;m</p></li></ul><p>L&#252;tfen bu c&#252;mleleri a&#351;a&#287;&#305;daki &#246;rnek tabloyu takip ederek okumaya &#231;al&#305;&#351;&#305;n.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!IhBa!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8297baa1-b94c-4744-89f6-ac97b40c3cf9_851x545.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!IhBa!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8297baa1-b94c-4744-89f6-ac97b40c3cf9_851x545.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!IhBa!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8297baa1-b94c-4744-89f6-ac97b40c3cf9_851x545.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!IhBa!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8297baa1-b94c-4744-89f6-ac97b40c3cf9_851x545.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!IhBa!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8297baa1-b94c-4744-89f6-ac97b40c3cf9_851x545.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!IhBa!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8297baa1-b94c-4744-89f6-ac97b40c3cf9_851x545.png" width="851" height="545" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/8297baa1-b94c-4744-89f6-ac97b40c3cf9_851x545.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:545,&quot;width&quot;:851,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" title="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!IhBa!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8297baa1-b94c-4744-89f6-ac97b40c3cf9_851x545.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!IhBa!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8297baa1-b94c-4744-89f6-ac97b40c3cf9_851x545.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!IhBa!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8297baa1-b94c-4744-89f6-ac97b40c3cf9_851x545.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!IhBa!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F8297baa1-b94c-4744-89f6-ac97b40c3cf9_851x545.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Buradaki basamak sistemi takip edildi&#287;inde neden sa&#287; &#252;st h&#252;crenin bo&#351; b&#305;rak&#305;ld&#305;&#287;&#305; anla&#351;&#305;labilir, &#231;&#252;nk&#252; o noktadan sonra basama&#287;&#305;n ula&#351;aca&#287;&#305; bir yer yoktur.</p><p>Az &#246;nceki &#246;rne&#287;imizle varsay&#305;mlar&#305; biraz daha somutla&#351;t&#305;rmak gerekirse a&#351;a&#287;&#305;dan yukar&#305; do&#287;ru:</p><p>E&#287;er &#8230;. &#304;l&#231;esinde 100 ki&#351;ilik turizm meslek edindirme kurslar&#305; a&#231;arsam &#8230;&#8230;.. varsay&#305;mlar&#305;m do&#287;ruysa, 100 ki&#351;inin bu alandaki kapasitesinin art&#305;rd&#305;&#287;&#305;m&#305;z&#305; kabul edebiliriz. Burada &#8230; olan yere (i) 100 ki&#351;inin tam kat&#305;l&#305;m g&#246;stermesi, (ii) 100 ki&#351;inin s&#305;navlar&#305;nda ba&#351;ar&#305;l&#305; sonu&#231;lar almas&#305; gibi varsay&#305;mlar yaz&#305;labilir.</p><p>Bir &#252;st s&#305;rada ise &#246;zel hedefimiz &#8230; il&#231;esindeki otellerin kalitelerinin iyile&#351;tirilmesi. Burada da c&#252;mlemiz; E&#287;er 100 ki&#351;inin turizm alan&#305;nda mesleki kapasitelerini iyile&#351;tirirsek ve &#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;.. varsay&#305;mlar&#305;m&#305;z do&#287;ruysa, &#8230; il&#231;esindeki otellerin kalitesi artacakt&#305;r. Burada da hemen akla gelebilecek varsay&#305;mlardan biri (i) &#8230; il&#231;esindeki otellerimiz yeti&#351;tirdi&#287;imiz ki&#351;ileri istihdam ederlerse olabilir.</p><p>En makro seviyedeki hedefimiz de &#8230;. &#304;l&#231;esine gelen yabanc&#305; turist say&#305;s&#305;n&#305;n artmas&#305;. Burada da c&#252;mlemiz; e&#287;er &#8230;. &#304;l&#231;esindeki otellerin kalitesini iyile&#351;tirirsek ve &#8230;.. varsay&#305;mlar&#305;m&#305;z do&#287;ruysa, il&#231;emize gelen yabanc&#305; turist say&#305;s&#305; artar. Burada da (i) projenin ileti&#351;imi iyi yap&#305;l&#305;rsa, (ii) tan&#305;t&#305;m i&#231;in do&#287;ru payda&#351;lara ula&#351;&#305;labilirse (iii) bas&#305;n&#305;n projemize ilgi g&#246;stermesi gibi varsay&#305;mlar yaz&#305;labilir.</p><p>G&#246;r&#252;lece&#287;i &#252;zere &#252;st seviyelere ilerledik&#231;e asl&#305;nda projemiz ile hedefler aras&#305;ndaki mesafe de art&#305;&#351; g&#246;stermektedir. &#214;rne&#287;in en makro seviyede t&#252;m faaliyetleri ger&#231;ekle&#351;tirseniz t&#252;m varsay&#305;mlar&#305;n&#305;z do&#287;ru olsa bile hedef ula&#351;man&#305;z &#231;&#305;kt&#305; g&#246;stergelerine g&#246;re sizin kontrol&#252;n&#252;z d&#305;&#351;&#305;ndad&#305;r.</p><h4><strong>Yeni mant&#305;ksal &#231;er&#231;evede yer alan Baseline (Temel De&#287;er), Current Value (&#350;imdiki De&#287;er), Targets (Hedef De&#287;er) Nas&#305;l doldurulur?</strong></h4><p>IPA II. D&#246;nem ile hayat&#305;m&#305;za giren yani mant&#305;ksal &#231;er&#231;eve &#351;ablonunun asl&#305;nda orijinal format&#305;ndan hi&#231;bir fark&#305; yoktur, sadece ba&#351;ar&#305; g&#246;stergeleri s&#252;tunumuz 4 par&#231;aya b&#246;l&#252;nm&#252;&#351;t&#252;r. Bunun temel amac&#305; da burada belirtilen indikat&#246;rlerin &#246;nemini vurgulamak, izleme de&#287;erlendirme s&#252;recini kolayla&#351;t&#305;rmakt&#305;r. Yani &#351;ablon genel hatlar&#305;yla a&#351;a&#287;&#305;daki gibidir.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jxZu!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5d901173-bc42-41c0-9ba4-b00a5cc666cc_778x521.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jxZu!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5d901173-bc42-41c0-9ba4-b00a5cc666cc_778x521.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jxZu!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5d901173-bc42-41c0-9ba4-b00a5cc666cc_778x521.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jxZu!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5d901173-bc42-41c0-9ba4-b00a5cc666cc_778x521.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jxZu!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5d901173-bc42-41c0-9ba4-b00a5cc666cc_778x521.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jxZu!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5d901173-bc42-41c0-9ba4-b00a5cc666cc_778x521.png" width="778" height="521" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/5d901173-bc42-41c0-9ba4-b00a5cc666cc_778x521.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:521,&quot;width&quot;:778,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" title="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jxZu!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5d901173-bc42-41c0-9ba4-b00a5cc666cc_778x521.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jxZu!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5d901173-bc42-41c0-9ba4-b00a5cc666cc_778x521.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jxZu!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5d901173-bc42-41c0-9ba4-b00a5cc666cc_778x521.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!jxZu!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2F5d901173-bc42-41c0-9ba4-b00a5cc666cc_778x521.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Burada ilk dikkati &#231;eken baz&#305; b&#246;l&#252;mlerdeki terminoloji de&#287;i&#351;iklikleridir. En &#252;stte eskiden Proje Mant&#305;&#287;&#305; yazarken, yeni &#351;ablonda Sonu&#231; odakl&#305; izleme de&#287;erlendirme metodolojisinde kullan&#305;lan &#8220;Results Chain&#8221; yani &#8220;Sonu&#231; Zinciri&#8221; ifadesi kullan&#305;lm&#305;&#351;. Yine Sonu&#231; odakl&#305; izlemede kar&#305;&#305;kl&#305;k yaratan output &#8211; outcome fark&#305; yatay s&#252;tunda yer alm&#305;&#351;, &#246;zel hedefler ile birlikte outcomes ifadesi kullan&#305;lm&#305;&#351;t&#305;r. Outcome ile output (yani sonu&#231; ve &#231;&#305;kt&#305; aras&#305;ndaki fark&#305; farkl&#305; bir blog yaz&#305;s&#305;nda sizlerle payla&#351;aca&#287;&#305;z; sadece &#231;ok dramatik bir de&#287;i&#351;iklik olmad&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305; sizlere s&#246;yleyebiliriz).</p><p>En &#231;ok kar&#351;&#305;la&#351;t&#305;&#287;&#305;m&#305;z soru k&#305;rm&#305;z&#305; ile i&#351;aretlenmi&#351; alan ile ilgili olmakta, buraya ne yaz&#305;laca&#287;&#305;n&#305;n tam anla&#351;&#305;lamamas&#305; ile ilgili s&#305;k&#305;nt&#305;lar bizimle payla&#351;&#305;lmaktad&#305;r. Bu 4 s&#252;tunu doldurmam&#305;z i&#231;in eski sistemimizdeki ba&#351;ar&#305; g&#246;stergeleri s&#252;tunumuzu hat&#305;rlamam&#305;z gerekir. Bu b&#246;l&#252;m yeni mant&#305;ksal &#231;er&#231;evede d&#246;rt par&#231;aya b&#246;l&#252;nm&#252;&#351;t&#252;r.</p><div class="captioned-image-container"><figure><a class="image-link image2 is-viewable-img" target="_blank" href="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!oqun!,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcc61c0af-a2e8-4e2b-a2d7-0e78e8a6b8ca_778x521.png" data-component-name="Image2ToDOM"><div class="image2-inset"><picture><source type="image/webp" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!oqun!,w_424,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcc61c0af-a2e8-4e2b-a2d7-0e78e8a6b8ca_778x521.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!oqun!,w_848,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcc61c0af-a2e8-4e2b-a2d7-0e78e8a6b8ca_778x521.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!oqun!,w_1272,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcc61c0af-a2e8-4e2b-a2d7-0e78e8a6b8ca_778x521.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!oqun!,w_1456,c_limit,f_webp,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcc61c0af-a2e8-4e2b-a2d7-0e78e8a6b8ca_778x521.png 1456w" sizes="100vw"><img src="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!oqun!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcc61c0af-a2e8-4e2b-a2d7-0e78e8a6b8ca_778x521.png" width="778" height="521" data-attrs="{&quot;src&quot;:&quot;https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/cc61c0af-a2e8-4e2b-a2d7-0e78e8a6b8ca_778x521.png&quot;,&quot;srcNoWatermark&quot;:null,&quot;fullscreen&quot;:null,&quot;imageSize&quot;:null,&quot;height&quot;:521,&quot;width&quot;:778,&quot;resizeWidth&quot;:null,&quot;bytes&quot;:null,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:null,&quot;type&quot;:null,&quot;href&quot;:null,&quot;belowTheFold&quot;:true,&quot;topImage&quot;:false,&quot;internalRedirect&quot;:null,&quot;isProcessing&quot;:false,&quot;align&quot;:null,&quot;offset&quot;:false}" class="sizing-normal" alt="" title="" srcset="https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!oqun!,w_424,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcc61c0af-a2e8-4e2b-a2d7-0e78e8a6b8ca_778x521.png 424w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!oqun!,w_848,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcc61c0af-a2e8-4e2b-a2d7-0e78e8a6b8ca_778x521.png 848w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!oqun!,w_1272,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcc61c0af-a2e8-4e2b-a2d7-0e78e8a6b8ca_778x521.png 1272w, https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/$s_!oqun!,w_1456,c_limit,f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fsubstack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Fcc61c0af-a2e8-4e2b-a2d7-0e78e8a6b8ca_778x521.png 1456w" sizes="100vw" loading="lazy"></picture><div class="image-link-expand"><div class="pencraft pc-display-flex pc-gap-8 pc-reset"><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container restack-image"><svg role="img" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" fill="none" stroke-width="1.5" stroke="var(--color-fg-primary)" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g><title></title><path d="M2.53001 7.81595C3.49179 4.73911 6.43281 2.5 9.91173 2.5C13.1684 2.5 15.9537 4.46214 17.0852 7.23684L17.6179 8.67647M17.6179 8.67647L18.5002 4.26471M17.6179 8.67647L13.6473 6.91176M17.4995 12.1841C16.5378 15.2609 13.5967 17.5 10.1178 17.5C6.86118 17.5 4.07589 15.5379 2.94432 12.7632L2.41165 11.3235M2.41165 11.3235L1.5293 15.7353M2.41165 11.3235L6.38224 13.0882"></path></g></svg></button><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="pencraft pc-reset pencraft icon-container view-image"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="lucide lucide-maximize2 lucide-maximize-2"><polyline points="15 3 21 3 21 9"></polyline><polyline points="9 21 3 21 3 15"></polyline><line x1="21" x2="14" y1="3" y2="10"></line><line x1="3" x2="10" y1="21" y2="14"></line></svg></button></div></div></div></a></figure></div><p>Indicator (&#304;ndikat&#246;r): G&#246;stergenin temel kriteri nedir? (Say&#305;sal olmayan b&#246;l&#252;m) &#214;rne&#287;in kat&#305;l&#305;mc&#305;lar&#305;n MYK taraf&#305;ndan onayl&#305; &#8230;. Sertifikas&#305;na sahip olmas&#305; bizim i&#231;in bir indikat&#246;rd&#252;r.</p><p>Baseline (Temel De&#287;er): Bu indikat&#246;r ile ilgili il&#231;emizdeki mevcut durum nedir? Yani proje ba&#351;lamadan &#246;nce ka&#231; ki&#351;i bu sertifikaya sahipti? Bu rakam 0 olabilir 117 olabilir. Mesela bir projede, proje ba&#351;lamadan &#246;nce 3 kokartl&#305; profesyonel turist rehberi vard&#305;r, proje sonunda da bu rakam 8 olacakt&#305;r. Bu durumda baseline&#8217;&#305;m&#305;z 3 olarak belirtilecektir.</p><p>Current Value (&#350;imdiki de&#287;er): Bu s&#252;tunu e&#287;er projeyi yazma a&#351;amas&#305;ndaysan&#305;z bo&#351; b&#305;rakabilirsiniz &#231;&#252;nk&#252; mant&#305;k olarak &#351;imdiki de&#287;er ile temel de&#287;eriniz e&#351;it olacakt&#305;r. Bu s&#252;tunu peki ne zaman dolduraca&#287;&#305;z. Projemize ba&#351;lad&#305;k ve 6. Ay&#305;n sonunda bir ara d&#246;nem raporu vermemiz gerekiyor; bu durumda &#351;imdiki de&#287;er (alt&#305;na referans al&#305;nan g&#252;n belirtilerek) ne i&#351;e yazaca&#287;&#305;z. Ya da 8 ayda projemize izleme de&#287;erlendirme ziyareti yap&#305;lacak. Gelen de&#287;erlendiriciler i&#231;in siz &#246;nceden onlar&#305; gelecekleri tarihe uygun bir &#351;imdiki de&#287;er belirtebilirsiniz.</p><p>Targets (Hedef): Bu b&#246;l&#252;mde projenin sonunda ula&#351;aca&#287;&#305;m&#305;z rakamd&#305;r. Ara d&#246;nem 6. Ayda yazd&#305;&#287;&#305;m&#305;z&#305; varsayarsak; Projemiz ba&#351;lamadan &#246;nce il&#231;emizde 3 kokartl&#305; turist rehberi vard&#305;. 6. Ay&#305;nda biz bu rakam&#305; 5 yapt&#305;k (yani &#351;imdiki de&#287;er / current value), projemizin sonunda da ula&#351;mak istedi&#287;imiz hedef (target) 8&#8217;dir. Hemen yan&#305;ndaki s&#252;tun da zaten eski sistemdeki gibi do&#287;rulama kayna&#287;&#305; s&#252;tunumuzdur.</p><p>Mant&#305;ksal &#231;er&#231;eve ya&#351;ayan bir dok&#252;mand&#305;r. Asl&#305;nda bir proje haz&#305;rlama dok&#252;man&#305; de&#287;il, proje y&#246;netim arac&#305;d&#305;r. Proje y&#246;netim ve izleme de&#287;erlendirme s&#252;re&#231;lerinde s&#305;k&#305;nt&#305; ya&#351;amamak i&#231;in bu dok&#252;man&#305; &#231;ok dikkatli doldurman&#305;z gerekmekte, proje uygulama s&#252;reci boyunca de neredeyse her g&#252;n &#252;zerinden bir kere daha ge&#231;meniz gerekmektedir. Burada yaz&#305;lan bilgilerden t&#252;m s&#252;re&#231; boyunca sorumlu oldu&#287;unuzu l&#252;tfen unutmay&#305;n.</p><p>H&#252;seyin Akt&#252;rk</p><p>AB-ilan.com Genel M&#252;d&#252;r - K&#305;demli Proje Y&#246;neticisi</p><p><strong>Yazar i&#231;erikleri kaynak g&#246;sterilmeden al&#305;nt&#305; yap&#305;lamaz, Kanuna ayk&#305;r&#305; ve izinsiz olarak kopyalanamaz, ba&#351;ka yerde yay&#305;nlanamaz</strong>.</p><p>Bu eser <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/">Creative Commons At&#305;f-GayriTicari-T&#252;retilemez 4.0 Uluslararas&#305; Lisans&#305;</a> ile lisansla</p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Projeniz Hibe Programının Öncelikleriyle Gerçekten Uyumlu mu?]]></title><description><![CDATA[Hibe programlar&#305;na yap&#305;lan ba&#351;vurularda, ba&#351;vuru sahiplerinin en &#231;ok zorland&#305;&#287;&#305; ve ayn&#305; zamanda en &#231;ok hata yapt&#305;&#287;&#305; alanlardan biri &#351;udur:]]></description><link>https://www.etkisine.com/p/projeniz-hibe-programnn-oncelikleriyle</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.etkisine.com/p/projeniz-hibe-programnn-oncelikleriyle</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Huseyin Akturk]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Tue, 13 May 2025 07:46:29 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/7264270c-2cbc-4802-89be-d0934d290f56_1920x1080.webp" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Hibe programlar&#305;na yap&#305;lan ba&#351;vurularda, ba&#351;vuru sahiplerinin en &#231;ok zorland&#305;&#287;&#305; ve ayn&#305; zamanda en &#231;ok hata yapt&#305;&#287;&#305; alanlardan biri &#351;udur:<br><strong>&#8220;Projenizin, teklif &#231;a&#287;r&#305;s&#305;n&#305;n hedefleri ve &#246;ncelikleriyle ilgisini a&#231;&#305;klay&#305;n&#305;z.&#8221;</strong></p><p>Bu soru &#231;o&#287;u zaman ba&#351;vuru formunun ilk b&#246;l&#252;mlerinde yer al&#305;r &#8212; bazen do&#287;rudan ilk, bazen de proje &#246;zetinin hemen ard&#305;ndan kar&#351;&#305;m&#305;za &#231;&#305;kar. Fakat konumu ne olursa olsun, de&#287;erlendirme s&#252;recinde <strong>projenizin ilk kez anlaml&#305; bir &#351;ekilde incelendi&#287;i yer buras&#305;d&#305;r</strong>. Bu nedenle buraya yaz&#305;lacak cevap, yaln&#305;zca teknik bir a&#231;&#305;klama de&#287;il, ayn&#305; zamanda <strong>projenizin &#8220;yerindeli&#287;ini&#8221; g&#246;steren bir savunmad&#305;r</strong>.</p><div><hr></div><h3>Hedef ve &#214;nceliklerle Uyum: Ba&#351;ar&#305;n&#305;n Giri&#351; Kap&#305;s&#305;</h3><p>Hibe programlar&#305;n&#305;n her biri, &#231;&#246;z&#252;m arad&#305;&#287;&#305; bir <strong>sorun alan&#305;na</strong> ve ula&#351;mak istedi&#287;i belirli <strong>politik hedeflere</strong> dayan&#305;r. Bu nedenle, bir proje sadece &#8220;iyi bir fikir&#8221; oldu&#287;u i&#231;in de&#287;il, <strong>program&#305;n ula&#351;mak istedi&#287;i hedefe do&#287;rudan katk&#305; sundu&#287;u i&#231;in</strong> desteklenir.</p><p>Bu katk&#305;y&#305; sa&#287;lay&#305;p sa&#287;lamad&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305;z&#305; g&#246;sterdi&#287;iniz yer ise tam olarak bu sorudur.</p><p>Her &#231;a&#287;r&#305;n&#305;n:</p><ul><li><p><strong>Genel hedefleri</strong> (&#246;rne&#287;in: kad&#305;nlar&#305;n ekonomik hayata kat&#305;l&#305;m&#305;n&#305;n art&#305;r&#305;lmas&#305;),</p></li><li><p><strong>&#214;zel hedefleri ve &#246;ncelikleri</strong> (&#246;rne&#287;in: k&#305;rsalda kad&#305;n kooperatiflerinin desteklenmesi) net olarak tan&#305;mlan&#305;r.<br>E&#287;er projeniz bu yap&#305;larla <strong>do&#287;rudan ve a&#231;&#305;k bi&#231;imde &#246;rt&#252;&#351;m&#252;yorsa</strong>, de&#287;erlendirme a&#351;amas&#305;na ge&#231;emeyebilir.</p></li></ul><div><hr></div><h3>&#10060; S&#305;k Kar&#351;&#305;la&#351;&#305;lan Yanl&#305;&#351;lar</h3><h4>1. <strong>Y&#252;zeysel ve Genelleyici Cevaplar</strong></h4><p>&#8220;Evet, projemiz program hedefleriyle ilgilidir.&#8221;<br>Bu t&#252;r ifadeler yetersizdir. De&#287;erlendirici, projenizin neden ve nas&#305;l ilgili oldu&#287;unu sizin taraf&#305;n&#305;zdan a&#231;&#305;k&#231;a g&#246;rmek ister. Cevab&#305;n&#305;z <strong>yorum i&#231;ermeli</strong>, yaln&#305;zca onaylayan bir c&#252;mle olmamal&#305;d&#305;r.</p><h4>2. <strong>Kopyala-Yap&#305;&#351;t&#305;r Hedef C&#252;mleleri</strong></h4><p>Baz&#305; ba&#351;vurularda do&#287;rudan rehberde yer alan hedef c&#252;mleleri al&#305;n&#305;r ve hi&#231;bir analiz yap&#305;lmadan proje metnine yerle&#351;tirilir. &#214;rne&#287;in:</p><p>&#8220;Projemiz kad&#305;nlar&#305;n ekonomik hayata kat&#305;l&#305;m&#305;n&#305; art&#305;racakt&#305;r.&#8221;<br>Evet ama <strong>nas&#305;l?</strong>, <strong>hangi hedefle?</strong>, <strong>hangi faaliyetle?</strong> sorular&#305; cevaps&#305;z kal&#305;rsa bu sadece &#8220;bo&#351; bir tekrar&#8221; olur.</p><h4>3. <strong>Uyumu G&#246;stermeden Liste Sunmak</strong></h4><p>Kendi proje hedeflerinizi yaz&#305;p, bunlar&#305;n rehberle uyumlu olup olmad&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305; de&#287;erlendiricinin anlamas&#305;n&#305; beklemek b&#252;y&#252;k bir risktir. Unutmay&#305;n: <strong>de&#287;erlendirici sizin projenize h&#226;kim de&#287;ildir</strong>, siz ona projeyi kendi g&#246;z&#252;n&#252;zden g&#246;stermek zorundas&#305;n&#305;z.</p><div><hr></div><h3>&#9989; G&#252;&#231;l&#252; ve &#304;kna Edici Bir Yan&#305;t &#304;&#231;in Ne Yapmal&#305;?</h3><p>A&#351;a&#287;&#305;daki yap&#305;y&#305; izleyerek bu soruya sa&#287;lam bir temel sunabilirsiniz:</p><h4>1. <strong>&#199;a&#287;r&#305;n&#305;n Hedeflerini A&#231;&#305;k&#231;a Tan&#305;mlay&#305;n</strong></h4><p>Rehberde yer alan genel ve &#246;zel hedefleri kendi c&#252;mlelerinizle &#246;zetleyin. Bu, de&#287;erlendirmeye ne kadar dikkat etti&#287;inizi g&#246;sterir.</p><p>&#8220;Bu teklif &#231;a&#287;r&#305;s&#305;n&#305;n temel amac&#305;, gen&#231;lerin istihdam edilebilirli&#287;ini art&#305;rmakt&#305;r. &#214;zel olarak, mesleki beceriler kazand&#305;ran programlar &#246;ncelikli olarak desteklenmektedir.&#8221;</p><h4>2. <strong>Projenizin Hedefini ve Amac&#305;n&#305; Netle&#351;tirin</strong></h4><p>Projenizin do&#287;rudan hangi ihtiyaca kar&#351;&#305;l&#305;k geldi&#287;ini ve hangi fayday&#305; yaratmay&#305; ama&#231;lad&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305; a&#231;&#305;k&#231;a yaz&#305;n.</p><p>&#8220;Projemiz, 18&#8211;25 ya&#351; aras&#305; gen&#231;lere y&#246;nelik bili&#351;im temelli mesleki e&#287;itimler sa&#287;layarak, bu bireylerin i&#351;g&#252;c&#252; piyasas&#305;nda daha rekabet&#231;i hale gelmesini hedeflemektedir.&#8221;</p><h4>3. <strong>Uyumu G&#246;zle G&#246;r&#252;l&#252;r Hale Getirin</strong></h4><p>Yukar&#305;daki iki hedef seti aras&#305;ndaki ili&#351;kiyi a&#231;&#305;k&#231;a kurun.</p><p>&#8220;Bu do&#287;rultuda, projemiz &#231;a&#287;r&#305;n&#305;n hem genel amac&#305;na hem de &#246;zel hedeflerine do&#287;rudan katk&#305; sa&#287;lamaktad&#305;r. &#214;zellikle &#8216;gen&#231;lerin teknik becerilerle donat&#305;lmas&#305;&#8217; &#246;nceli&#287;i ile birebir &#246;rt&#252;&#351;mektedir.&#8221;</p><h4>4. <strong>Gerekirse Teknik Referans Verin</strong></h4><p>Projeniz birden fazla lot veya &#246;ncelik alan&#305;ndan birine ba&#351;vuruyorsa, bu bilgiyi belirtin:</p><p>&#8220;Projemiz, Lot 1 alt&#305;nda tan&#305;mlanan &#214;ncelik Alan&#305; 3 kapsam&#305;nda sunulmaktad&#305;r.&#8221;</p><div><hr></div><h3>Ekstra G&#252;&#231;l&#252; Bir &#304;zlenim &#304;&#231;in</h3><ul><li><p>Bu b&#246;l&#252;m&#252; &#231;ok uzun ve detayl&#305; yazman&#305;za gerek yok; <strong>do&#287;rudan, temiz ve delilli bir anlat&#305;m yeterlidir</strong>.</p></li><li><p>M&#252;mk&#252;nse <strong>say&#305;sal veriler, hedef gruplar ve ihtiya&#231; analizleriyle</strong> destekleyin.</p></li></ul><p>&#8220;X il&#231;esinde gen&#231; i&#351;sizlik oran&#305; %34. Projemiz, bu grubun istihdam&#305;n&#305; do&#287;rudan destekleyecek faaliyetler i&#231;eriyor.&#8221;</p><div><hr></div><h3>Sonu&#231;</h3><p>De&#287;erlendirme s&#252;reci sadece bir form kontrol&#252; de&#287;ildir. Her c&#252;mle, de&#287;erlendiriciye bir &#8220;neden?&#8221; sorusunun cevab&#305;n&#305; sunmal&#305;d&#305;r. Bu soruya verece&#287;iniz yan&#305;t, projenizin neden desteklenmesi gerekti&#287;ini <strong>stratejik bir g&#246;zle a&#231;&#305;klama f&#305;rsat&#305;n&#305;zd&#305;r</strong>.</p><p>Ne kadar net, do&#287;rudan ve rehbere sad&#305;k &#351;ekilde yazarsan&#305;z, <strong>projenizin ge&#231;me ihtimali o kadar artar</strong>.</p><p>Unutmay&#305;n: Projelerde ba&#351;ar&#305;, yaln&#305;zca fikre de&#287;il, o fikri <strong>do&#287;ru yere yerle&#351;tirme becerisine</strong> de ba&#287;l&#305;d&#305;r.</p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Proje Yazarken Dikkat Edilmesi Gereken 9 Kritik Nokta]]></title><description><![CDATA[Projeler, sadece fikirlerin de&#287;il, ayn&#305; zamanda planlama, koordinasyon ve rehber okuma disiplininin de &#252;r&#252;n&#252;d&#252;r.]]></description><link>https://www.etkisine.com/p/proje-yazarken-dikkat-edilmesi-gereken</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.etkisine.com/p/proje-yazarken-dikkat-edilmesi-gereken</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Huseyin Akturk]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Tue, 13 May 2025 07:44:44 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/f98c41a8-c552-4396-843b-a79798b4f084_1920x1080.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Projeler, sadece fikirlerin de&#287;il, ayn&#305; zamanda planlama, koordinasyon ve rehber okuma disiplininin de &#252;r&#252;n&#252;d&#252;r. Hibe programlar&#305;na yap&#305;lan ba&#351;vurular&#305;n b&#252;y&#252;k bir k&#305;sm&#305;, teknik yeterlilikten ziyade <strong>bi&#231;imsel eksiklikler, hedef uyumsuzluklar&#305;</strong> ve <strong>k&#246;t&#252; planlama</strong> nedeniyle elenmektedir. &#304;&#351;te ba&#351;ar&#305;l&#305; bir proje ba&#351;vurusunda dikkat edilmesi gereken temel noktalar:</p><div><hr></div><h3>1. &#128218; Rehberi Dikkatle ve Tekrar Tekrar Okuyun</h3><p>Bir hibe &#231;a&#287;r&#305;s&#305; yay&#305;nland&#305;&#287;&#305;nda, ilk yap&#305;lmas&#305; gereken &#351;ey ba&#351;vuru rehberini okumakt&#305;r. Ancak bir&#231;ok ba&#351;vuru sahibi bu rehberi bir kere h&#305;zl&#305;ca g&#246;zden ge&#231;irip do&#287;rudan yaz&#305;ma ge&#231;iyor. Oysa rehber, projenin temel oyun kurallar&#305;n&#305; belirler:</p><ul><li><p>Ba&#351;vuru kime a&#231;&#305;k?</p></li><li><p>Hangi faaliyetler destekleniyor?</p></li><li><p>Hangi gider kalemleri uygun?</p></li><li><p>De&#287;erlendirme nas&#305;l yap&#305;lacak?</p></li></ul><p>Rehberi sat&#305;r sat&#305;r, hatta b&#246;lgeye, hedef kitleye veya ba&#351;vuran&#305;n t&#252;zel yap&#305;s&#305;na g&#246;re farkl&#305; olabilecek yerleri <strong>vurgulayarak ve not alarak</strong> okumak gerekir. Projeniz &#231;ok iyi bir fikir olsa bile, rehberdeki tek bir teknik kurala uymaman&#305;z (&#246;rne&#287;in ortak say&#305;s&#305;ndaki s&#305;n&#305;r&#305; a&#351;mak) projenizin direkt elenmesine neden olabilir.</p><div><hr></div><h3>2. &#128176; Destek Tutar&#305; Aral&#305;&#287;&#305;na Uyun</h3><p>Bir&#231;ok proje yaln&#305;zca talep edilen destek miktar&#305;n&#305;n hatal&#305; olmas&#305; sebebiyle elenir. Rehberde &#8220;Asgari 100.000 TL, azami 500.000 TL&#8221; gibi bir aral&#305;k belirtilmi&#351;se, 99.999 TL bile talep etmeniz otomatik red sebebidir. Bu s&#305;n&#305;rlar sadece miktar&#305; de&#287;il, projenin kapsam ve &#246;l&#231;e&#287;ine dair bir mesaj da verir.</p><p>Ayr&#305;ca toplam b&#252;t&#231;ede hibenin y&#252;zdesi (%80 destek, %20 e&#351; finansman gibi) belirtilmi&#351; olabilir. Bu durumda, yaln&#305;zca toplam hibe de&#287;il, e&#351; finansman oranlar&#305; da mutlaka denge i&#231;inde olmal&#305;d&#305;r. B&#252;t&#231;e, sadece rakam de&#287;il; projenin mant&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305;, &#246;l&#231;e&#287;ini ve ger&#231;ekli&#287;ini de yans&#305;t&#305;r.</p><div><hr></div><h3>3. &#128101; Projeyi Ekip Olarak Haz&#305;rlay&#305;n</h3><p>Proje yaz&#305;m&#305; sadece bir ki&#351;inin masa ba&#351;&#305;nda yapt&#305;&#287;&#305; bir i&#351; de&#287;ildir. Saha bilgisi olan biri, maliyetleri bilen bir uzman, lojistik ya da insan kayna&#287;&#305; konular&#305;na h&#226;kim bir ba&#351;ka ki&#351;i... Bu farkl&#305; yetkinlikler bir araya geldi&#287;inde projenin zay&#305;f noktalar&#305; erkenden g&#246;r&#252;l&#252;r.</p><p>Ayr&#305;ca proje kabul edilip uygulanmaya ba&#351;land&#305;&#287;&#305;nda, haz&#305;rl&#305;k s&#252;recine kat&#305;lm&#305;&#351; olan ki&#351;ilerin projeye h&#226;kim olmas&#305;, uygulama s&#305;ras&#305;nda koordinasyonu kolayla&#351;t&#305;r&#305;r. Ba&#351;ar&#305;ya ula&#351;an projelerde genellikle <strong>ba&#351;vurudan uygulamaya kadar devaml&#305;l&#305;k</strong> g&#246;steren ekip yap&#305;lar&#305; olur.</p><div><hr></div><h3>4. &#127919; Program&#305;n Hedef ve &#214;nceliklerini &#304;nceleyin</h3><p>Bir&#231;ok proje, &#231;ok iyi niyetli olmas&#305;na ra&#287;men yaln&#305;zca program&#305;n amac&#305;na tam uymad&#305;&#287;&#305; i&#231;in elenir. Hibe programlar&#305; spesifik hedeflere ula&#351;mak ister. &#214;rne&#287;in, gen&#231; i&#351;sizli&#287;i azaltmak m&#305;? Kad&#305;n kooperatiflerini g&#252;&#231;lendirmek mi? &#304;klim direncini art&#305;rmak m&#305;?</p><p>Siz harika bir k&#252;lt&#252;r-sanat projesi haz&#305;rlam&#305;&#351; olabilirsiniz, ama destek program&#305; kalk&#305;nma eksenliyse, ba&#351;vurunuz ne kadar yarat&#305;c&#305; olursa olsun kabul edilmez. Bu nedenle projenizi haz&#305;rlamadan &#246;nce program&#305;n <strong>ama&#231;-mant&#305;k-faaliyet ili&#351;kisini</strong> dikkatlice kurun.</p><div><hr></div><h3>5. &#128198; Proje S&#252;resi Kurallara Uygun Olmal&#305;</h3><p>Ba&#351;vuru rehberlerinde genellikle &#8220;proje s&#252;resi en az 6 ay, en fazla 18 ay olabilir&#8221; gibi ibareler yer al&#305;r. Bu, sadece zamanlama a&#231;&#305;s&#305;ndan de&#287;il, b&#252;t&#231;e planlamas&#305; ve kaynak kullan&#305;m&#305; a&#231;&#305;s&#305;ndan da belirleyicidir.</p><p>E&#287;er proje s&#252;resi &#231;ok k&#305;sa tutulursa, yap&#305;lmas&#305; planlanan faaliyetler inand&#305;r&#305;c&#305;l&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305; kaybeder. S&#252;re &#231;ok uzun tutulursa ise b&#252;t&#231;e gereksiz yere &#351;i&#351;er. Ger&#231;ek&#231;i, program&#305;n sundu&#287;u aral&#305;k i&#231;inde, mant&#305;kl&#305; bir zaman planlamas&#305; yap&#305;lmas&#305; gerekir.</p><div><hr></div><h3>6. &#128196; Teslim &#350;ekli, Belgeler ve &#350;artnameler</h3><p>&#350;ekil &#351;artlar&#305; genellikle g&#246;z ard&#305; edilir ama en &#231;ok ba&#351;vuru bu sebeple elenir. Rehberde &#8220;PDF format&#305;nda, tek dosya, 10 MB&#8217;tan b&#252;y&#252;k olmayacak &#351;ekilde&#8221; diyorsa, siz dosyay&#305; Word uzant&#305;s&#305;yla g&#246;nderdi&#287;inizde otomatik olarak reddedilirsiniz.</p><p>Elektronik ba&#351;vurularda sistemin son 5 dakikas&#305;nda yo&#287;unluk ya&#351;anabilir. Son g&#252;n de&#287;il, en az birka&#231; g&#252;n &#246;nce y&#252;klemeyi tamamlamak gerekir. Fiziksel ba&#351;vurularda da dosya say&#305;s&#305;, klas&#246;r rengi, d&#305;&#351; zarf &#252;zerindeki ibare gibi kurallar birebir uygulanmal&#305;d&#305;r.</p><div><hr></div><h3>7. &#128290; Ayn&#305; Ba&#351;vuru Sahibi ile S&#305;n&#305;rlar Dahilinde Ba&#351;vurun</h3><p>Baz&#305; programlar bir kurumun birden fazla ba&#351;vuru yapmas&#305;na izin verirken, baz&#305;lar&#305; yaln&#305;zca <strong>tek bir proje ba&#351;vurusu</strong> kabul eder. Ayr&#305;ca baz&#305; programlarda ayn&#305; ba&#351;vuru sahibinin hem ba&#351;vuran hem ortak olmas&#305;na s&#305;n&#305;rlamalar getirilmi&#351;tir.</p><p>Bu nedenle sadece sizin de&#287;il, e&#351; zamanl&#305; &#231;al&#305;&#351;an ekiplerin de birbirinden haberdar olmas&#305; gerekir. Aksi takdirde sistem ayn&#305; vergi numaras&#305;yla birden fazla ba&#351;vuruyu reddedebilir. Kurumsal koordinasyon &#351;art!</p><div><hr></div><h3>8. &#128209; A&#351;amal&#305; Ba&#351;vuru Modellerine Haz&#305;rl&#305;kl&#305; Olun</h3><p>Bir&#231;ok uluslararas&#305; fon art&#305;k <strong>iki a&#351;amal&#305; ba&#351;vuru sistemine</strong> ge&#231;mi&#351;tir:</p><ul><li><p><strong>&#214;n Teklif (Concept Note)</strong> &#8594; k&#305;sa, &#246;z, 3&#8211;5 sayfa aras&#305;.</p></li><li><p><strong>Tam Teklif</strong> &#8594; detayl&#305; faaliyet plan&#305;, b&#252;t&#231;e, mant&#305;ksal &#231;er&#231;eve vb.</p></li></ul><p>Bu sistemde &#246;n teklifin amac&#305;, fikirlerin uygun olup olmad&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305; g&#246;rmektir. Burada &#8220;etkileyici ama sade&#8221; bir dil kullanmak gerekir. A&#351;ama ge&#231;ildikten sonra detaylara girilir. &#304;lk a&#351;amay&#305; ge&#231;meden tam dosya haz&#305;rlamak zaman kayb&#305; olabilir.</p><div><hr></div><h3>9. &#128202; De&#287;erlendirme Kriterlerine G&#246;re Yaz&#305;n</h3><p>Proje rehberlerinde &#8220;de&#287;erlendirme ve se&#231;im s&#252;reci&#8221; b&#246;l&#252;m&#252; hayati &#246;nem ta&#351;&#305;r. Orada hangi ba&#351;l&#305;klar&#305;n ka&#231; puan &#252;zerinden de&#287;erlendirildi&#287;i yaz&#305;l&#305;d&#305;r. Genelde:</p><ul><li><p>Alaka d&#252;zeyi (20 puan)</p></li><li><p>Etki ve s&#252;rd&#252;r&#252;lebilirlik (20 puan)</p></li><li><p>Y&#246;ntem ve uygulanabilirlik (30 puan)</p></li><li><p>Ortakl&#305;k yap&#305;s&#305; (10 puan)</p></li><li><p>B&#252;t&#231;e yeterlili&#287;i (20 puan)</p></li></ul><p>gibi puanlamalar bulunur.</p><p>Bu da&#287;&#305;l&#305;ma g&#246;re zaman ve dikkatini harcaman gereken alanlar&#305; belirlemelisin. Puan&#305; y&#252;ksek olan b&#246;l&#252;mler, daha detayl&#305; yaz&#305;lmal&#305; ve belgelerle desteklenmelidir.</p><div><hr></div><h2>&#9997;&#65039; Sonu&#231;</h2><p>Proje yazmak, sadece iyi fikir &#252;retmek de&#287;il; <strong>teknik kurallara h&#226;kim olmak</strong>, <strong>tak&#305;m &#231;al&#305;&#351;mas&#305;n&#305; y&#252;r&#252;tmek</strong> ve <strong>fon verenin mant&#305;&#287;&#305;n&#305; kavramak</strong> demektir. Ba&#351;vuru s&#252;recinde yap&#305;lacak k&#252;&#231;&#252;k hatalar b&#252;y&#252;k kay&#305;plara yol a&#231;abilir.</p><p>Bu 9 &#246;neri, sizi sadece reddedilmekten korumaz, ayn&#305; zamanda ba&#351;ar&#305;l&#305; bir uygulama s&#252;reci i&#231;in g&#252;&#231;l&#252; bir temel de olu&#351;turur</p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Proje Tasarımında Hedef Kitle Belirleme: Hedef Kitle ve Nihai Faydalanıcı Arasındaki Farklar]]></title><description><![CDATA[rupa Birli&#287;i programlar&#305; ve Kalk&#305;nma Ajanslar&#305;na y&#246;nelik proje ba&#351;vurular&#305;nda, hedef kitlenin do&#287;ru ve net bir &#351;ekilde tan&#305;mlanmas&#305; kritik &#246;neme sahiptir.]]></description><link>https://www.etkisine.com/p/proje-tasarmnda-hedef-kitle-belirleme</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.etkisine.com/p/proje-tasarmnda-hedef-kitle-belirleme</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Huseyin Akturk]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Tue, 13 May 2025 07:42:53 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/aba36d11-51eb-4004-98aa-2008a06fdb2b_1920x1080.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>rupa Birli&#287;i programlar&#305; ve Kalk&#305;nma Ajanslar&#305;na y&#246;nelik proje ba&#351;vurular&#305;nda, hedef kitlenin do&#287;ru ve net bir &#351;ekilde tan&#305;mlanmas&#305; kritik &#246;neme sahiptir. Hedef grup (target group), yaln&#305;zca projenin kime hitap etti&#287;ini de&#287;il, ayn&#305; zamanda <strong>kaynak tahsisi</strong>, <strong>faaliyet planlamas&#305;</strong> ve <strong>etki analizine</strong> temel olu&#351;turur. Bu nedenle hedef kitleyi genel ifadelerle de&#287;il, <strong>spesifik, &#246;l&#231;&#252;lebilir ve gerek&#231;elendirilmi&#351; &#351;ekilde</strong> tan&#305;mlamak gerekir. Aksi takdirde, proje ba&#351;vurular&#305; de&#287;erlendirme s&#252;recinde <strong>puan kayb&#305;na u&#287;rayabilir.</strong></p><p>A&#351;a&#287;&#305;da, projelerde hedef grup belirlerken s&#305;k&#231;a yap&#305;lan hatalar ve dikkat edilmesi gereken hususlar &#246;zetlenmi&#351;tir:</p><div><hr></div><h3><strong>1. Hedef Grubu A&#351;&#305;r&#305; Genelle&#351;tirmeyin &#8212; Odaklan&#305;n</strong></h3><p>Projenizin do&#287;rudan m&#252;dahale etti&#287;i grubu olabildi&#287;ince dar ve ger&#231;ek&#231;i bir &#351;ekilde tan&#305;mlay&#305;n. Kimse sizden &#8220;d&#252;nyay&#305; kurtarman&#305;z&#305;&#8221; beklemiyor; dolay&#305;s&#305;yla abart&#305;l&#305;, geni&#351; kapsaml&#305; hedef grup ifadeleri kullanmak <strong>de&#287;erlendirme a&#231;&#305;s&#305;ndan avantaj de&#287;il, dezavantaj yarat&#305;r.</strong></p><p><strong>&#214;rnek:</strong><br>E&#287;er amac&#305;n&#305;z &#231;ocuklar&#305; &#231;ocuk haklar&#305; konusunda bilin&#231;lendirmekse, hedef grubunuzu &#8220;T&#252;rkiye&#8217;deki t&#252;m &#231;ocuklar&#8221; olarak tan&#305;mlamak <strong>do&#287;ru bir y&#246;ntem de&#287;ildir.</strong> Bu t&#252;r ifadeler hem &#246;l&#231;&#252;lebilirlikten uzak hem de proje b&#252;t&#231;esi ve s&#252;resi a&#231;&#305;s&#305;ndan ger&#231;ek d&#305;&#351;&#305;d&#305;r.<br>Daha uygun bir ifade:</p><blockquote><ul><li><p>&#8220;&#304;zmir ili, Karaba&#287;lar il&#231;esindeki &#252;&#231; devlet okulunda &#246;&#287;renim g&#246;ren toplam 600 &#231;ocuk.&#8221;</p></li></ul></blockquote><p>Bu t&#252;r bir tan&#305;m, hem say&#305;sal hem de co&#287;rafi olarak s&#305;n&#305;rland&#305;r&#305;ld&#305;&#287;&#305; i&#231;in de&#287;erlendirici a&#231;&#305;s&#305;ndan somut ve inand&#305;r&#305;c&#305;d&#305;r.</p><div><hr></div><h3><strong>2. Hedef Grup ile Nihai Faydalan&#305;c&#305;y&#305; Kar&#305;&#351;t&#305;rmay&#305;n</strong></h3><p>Proje yaz&#305;m&#305;nda s&#305;kl&#305;kla kar&#351;&#305;la&#351;&#305;lan bir hata, <strong>hedef grup ile nihai faydalan&#305;c&#305;lar&#305;n kar&#305;&#351;t&#305;r&#305;lmas&#305;d&#305;r.</strong></p><ul><li><p><strong>Hedef grup</strong>, proje faaliyetlerinin do&#287;rudan uyguland&#305;&#287;&#305; ve &#252;zerinde <strong>somut de&#287;i&#351;iklik yarat&#305;lmak istenen</strong> kesimdir.</p></li><li><p><strong>Nihai faydalan&#305;c&#305;</strong> ise, projenin dolayl&#305; sonu&#231;lar&#305;ndan <strong>dolayl&#305; yoldan olumlu etkilenen</strong> kesimdir.</p></li></ul><p><strong>&#214;rnek:</strong><br>&#199;ocuk haklar&#305; konusunda fark&#305;ndal&#305;k yaratmaya y&#246;nelik bir projede, ana faaliyet s&#305;n&#305;f &#246;&#287;retmenlerine y&#246;nelik bir e&#287;itim program&#305;ysa:</p><ul><li><p><strong>Hedef grup</strong>: S&#246;z konusu e&#287;itime kat&#305;lan &#246;&#287;retmenlerdir.</p></li><li><p><strong>Nihai faydalan&#305;c&#305;lar</strong>: Bu &#246;&#287;retmenlerin e&#287;itti&#287;i &#231;ocuklar ve dolayl&#305; olarak onlar&#305;n aileleridir.</p></li></ul><p>Bu ayr&#305;m&#305; do&#287;ru yapmamak, projenin mant&#305;ksal &#231;er&#231;evesinde tutars&#305;zl&#305;k yarat&#305;r.</p><div><hr></div><h3><strong>3. Hedef Grubu Say&#305;sal Verilerle Tan&#305;mlay&#305;n</strong></h3><p>&#8220;Hedef grup&#8221; tan&#305;m&#305; yaln&#305;zca <strong>niteliksel</strong> de&#287;il, ayn&#305; zamanda <strong>niceliksel</strong> (say&#305;sal) bilgilerle de desteklenmelidir. Bu, b&#252;t&#231;eleme ve faaliyet planlamas&#305; a&#231;&#305;s&#305;ndan zorunludur.</p><p><strong>Do&#287;ru &#246;rnek:</strong></p><blockquote><ul><li><p>&#8220;Ankara ili, &#199;ankaya il&#231;esi, A&#351;a&#287;&#305; Ayranc&#305; semtindeki &#252;&#231; okulda g&#246;rev yapan toplam 18 &#304;ngilizce &#246;&#287;retmeni.&#8221;</p></li></ul></blockquote><p><strong>Yanl&#305;&#351; &#246;rnek:</strong></p><blockquote><ul><li><p>&#8220;&#214;&#287;retmenler.&#8221;</p></li></ul></blockquote><p>Say&#305;sal veriler i&#231;ermeyen tan&#305;mlar, hem projeyi belirsiz hale getirir hem de de&#287;erlendirme a&#231;&#305;s&#305;ndan zay&#305;f g&#246;r&#252;n&#252;r.</p><div><hr></div><h3><strong>4. Se&#231;im Kriterlerini Belirtmeyi Unutmay&#305;n</strong></h3><p>Ba&#351;vuru formlar&#305;nda genellikle &#351;u ifade yer al&#305;r:</p><blockquote><ul><li><p>&#8220;Her bir hedef grubu ve nihai faydalan&#305;c&#305;y&#305;, (varsa say&#305;sal verilerle) ve se&#231;me kriterleriyle birlikte tan&#305;mlay&#305;n&#305;z.&#8221;</p></li></ul></blockquote><p>Ne yaz&#305;k ki, &#231;o&#287;u ba&#351;vuru sahibi bu sorunun yaln&#305;zca ilk k&#305;sm&#305;n&#305; yan&#305;tlar. Oysa <strong>se&#231;im kriterleri</strong>, hedef grubun neden ve nas&#305;l se&#231;ildi&#287;ini a&#231;&#305;klar ve s&#252;bjektiflik alg&#305;s&#305;n&#305; ortadan kald&#305;r&#305;r.</p><p><strong>&#214;rnek ifade:</strong></p><blockquote><ul><li><p>&#8220;Belirlenen &#252;&#231; okulda g&#246;rev yapan toplam 30 &#304;ngilizce &#246;&#287;retmeninden, en az 10 y&#305;ll&#305;k mesleki deneyime sahip, daha &#246;nce yurtd&#305;&#351;&#305;na &#231;&#305;kmam&#305;&#351; ve X s&#305;nav&#305;ndan en az Y puan alm&#305;&#351; 18 &#246;&#287;retmen se&#231;ilecektir.&#8221;</p></li></ul></blockquote><p>Bu t&#252;r objektif kriterler, de&#287;erlendiriciye &#351;effafl&#305;k ve g&#252;ven verir.</p><div><hr></div><h2>&#128269; Sonu&#231;</h2><p>Projelerde hedef kitlenin do&#287;ru tan&#305;mlanmas&#305;, yaln&#305;zca formel bir gereklilik de&#287;il, ayn&#305; zamanda <strong>projenin b&#252;t&#252;n yap&#305;s&#305;n&#305; etkileyen stratejik bir unsurdur.</strong></p><ul><li><p>A&#351;&#305;r&#305; genellemelerden ka&#231;&#305;n&#305;n</p></li><li><p>Hedef grup ile nihai faydalan&#305;c&#305;y&#305; kar&#305;&#351;t&#305;rmay&#305;n</p></li><li><p>Say&#305;sal verilerle destekleyin</p></li><li><p>Se&#231;im kriterlerinizi mutlaka belirtin</p></li></ul><p>Bu hususlara dikkat etmek, projelerinizin hem <strong>mant&#305;ksal b&#252;t&#252;nl&#252;&#287;&#252;n&#252; g&#252;&#231;lendirecek</strong>, hem de <strong>de&#287;erlendirme s&#252;recinde olumlu katk&#305; sa&#287;layacakt&#305;r.</strong></p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Somalia: Peacekeeping to State-building]]></title><description><![CDATA[Author&#8217;s Note (April 2025)]]></description><link>https://www.etkisine.com/p/somalia-peacekeeping-to-state-building</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.etkisine.com/p/somalia-peacekeeping-to-state-building</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Huseyin Akturk]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Tue, 13 May 2025 07:40:51 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/b9353c7d-7deb-46dc-a61e-e156344d0fe2_1536x1024.png" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<h3><strong>Author&#8217;s Note (April 2025)</strong></h3><p><em>This article was originally written in 2006 as part of an academic study exploring the complexities of United Nations peacekeeping missions, with a specific focus on UNOSOM-II in Somalia. While the geopolitical context and dynamics in Somalia have evolved significantly in the years since, the core themes addressed&#8212;such as the challenges of peace enforcement, institutional fragility, and the limitations of international intervention&#8212;remain highly relevant in current global discussions on conflict resolution and humanitarian engagement.</em></p><p><em>The text has been preserved in its original structure, with only minimal editorial adjustments for clarity and readability. It is presented here both as a historical analysis and as a reflection on the enduring dilemmas of international peace operations in fragile and conflict-affected settings.</em></p><p>In 1992, constant civil war and drought in Somalia had combined to produce a catastrophic famine killing an estimated 300,000 people (Patman, 1997: 509). This human tragedy of the situation has been published and broadcasted extensively; however what little known were the consequences of Siad Barre&#8217;s ouster which led to the collapse of all the institutions including federal and regional governments, courts, and the police force. The Security Council mission to Somali faction leaders (27 October 1994) described the situation as having presented &#8220;a vacuum of civil authority and governmental structure. Having no single group with legitimate claim to power due to the power vacuum inviting several factions caused Somalia to collapse into Hobbesian anarchy.</p><p>The civil war in Somalia managed to attract international community&#8217;s attention into the region. Both the Soviets and the Americans had strategic interests in the country since 1969 making Somalia the one of the major client of the Russia and later the United States in supplying weapons. The need for strong international community after the end of Cold War encouraged the major powers to intervene in Somalia with new generation peacekeeping resulting in three missions, two of them being under the UN command: UNOSOM-I, UNITAF, and finally UNOSOM-II.</p><p>This essay aims to describe and analyze the UN missions in Somalia in particular UNOSOM-II looking at its structure, successes, failures, difficulties and finally conclude with the lessons drawn from this mission. In order to reach a conclusion regarding the effectiveness of UNOSOM-II mission in Somalia, it is empirical to begin this essay with descriptive analysis of the history of the conflict, UNOSOM-I and UNITAF. Due to the page limit, this essay will not be an in-depth analysis but rather an overview of the dynamics in Somalia leading to as well as during UNOSOM-II.</p><p><strong>2. Descriptive Analysis &#8211; Background Information</strong></p><p><strong>2.1. Brief History of Somalia and the Conflict in 1991</strong></p><p>Until the nineteenth century, Somalia was a land of indeterminate borders and largely nomadic pastoralists who gazed camels and cattle from the Indian Ocean coast. Somalis share a single ethnic background, a single language, and a single religion (Sunni-Muslim) but they are divided by clan, sub-clan, and family. Lacking central authority, Somali social and political relations were based on kinship, mediated by an unwritten social code, heer, and the precepts of Islam. With colonialism, central administration and commercialization reached the country. Over several decades, the old sociopolitical system eroded, without replacement. With the independence, the British and Italian Somaliland were pasted together and declared as one state. For almost a decade after the independence, Somalia struggled to implement parliamentary democracy and this combined with poor economic performance resulted in a bloodless coup by Siad Barre (Durch, 1996: 313).</p><p>The military leaders, led by General Siad Barre and organized as the Supreme Revolutionary Council (SRC), at first received a peaceful welcome. They were seen as heroes who had left the barracks to save the nation. In 1970, Barre adopted a form of state-led socialism as the regime&#8217;s official ideology, accompanied by policies aimed at suppressing clan and tribal affiliations in favor of a unified national identity. However, Barre built his power by manipulating clans and implementing classic tactics of divide and rule. The war with Ethiopia in 1977 further revealed Siad Barre&#8217;s weaknesses and hollow authority. The Ethiopian military supported by Soviets and Cuban troops defeated Barre&#8217;s forces. This defeat removed all the pan-Somali nationalism as a legitimating ideology for Siad Barre&#8217;s regime (Lyons, 1995: 15). In October, 1990, the opposition groups in Somalia agreed on the common objective of defeating Siad Barre. The assault in lawless Mogadishu by the opposing factions caused Barre to flee the country. On February 1, Mohammed Ali Mahdi declared himself the interim president without consulting any other opposition parties.</p><p><strong>2.2 UNOSOM - I</strong></p><p>As lawlessness and violence escalated in Somalia, a massive human catastrophe emerged and forced international attention to Somalia. The Security Council in January 1992 imposed an arms embargo against Somalia by invoking Chapter VII of the UN charter due to a found threat to international peace based on Somalia&#8217;s internal conditions. After one year of Siad Barre&#8217;s fall, the UN decided to take more significant steps towards reconciliation. Ali Mahdi, Mohammed Aideed and other factional leaders signed a cease-fire in New York in February 1992. The cease-fire of March 1992, provided more space for humanitarian assistance in the country and finally in April 24 1992, the Security Council established UNOSOM-I under Resolution 751 which provided 500 men security force and 50 monitors. (<a href="http://www.un.org/">www.un.org</a>, 1994: Date accessed: 12 March 2006). The mandate was solely providing zones of peace for food-relief and monitoring the cease-fire. However the delays in enforcement and the weakness of the force on ground only allowed for more room to escalate the conflict and weaken the civilian leadership. If the forces were stronger and the mandate was larger initially, the leaders may have been accepted the negotiated settlement of 1992 that they could no longer accept in 1993.</p><p>The delays of action had several reasons. As the situation in Somalia deteriorated through 1992, the UN was simultaneously engaged in implementing peace operations elsewhere of unprecedented size and scope. Nearly 20,000 military and civilian personnel were in Cambodia for the peace accords, another 12,000 were deployed to separate Serbs from Croats and genocidal conflict in Bosnia was drawing increased attention. In June 1992, the secretary general issued his report &#8220;An Agenda for Peace&#8221;, which called for strengthening the UN&#8217;s ability to intervene. Finally as a response to this report, with the American leadership, the Security Council voted unanimously to authorize UN member states to use &#8220;all necessary means&#8221; to establish a secure environment for humanitarian relief in Somalia (Durch, 1996: 318).</p><p><strong>2.3 UNITAF- Unified Task Force</strong></p><p>Following the American government&#8217;s offer to provide the forces to lead an international intervention in Somalia, Washington recognized that a quick diplomatic and political structure had to be established. Robert Oakley, a former ambassador to Somalia was appointed as his special convoy. Oakley arrived to Somalia before the troops and had started a series of successful negotiations providing a safe sphere for the deployment of the troops. Both Ali Mahdi and Aideed welcomed UNITAF, though for different reasons. Ali Mahdi welcomed a counterweight to Aideed, and Aideed welcomed and alternative to his perceived nemesis, the UN (Durch, 1996: 320).</p><p>Although the Security Council Resolution 797 legitimized Operation Restore Hope extending the mandate of the operation, the objectives of the American government remained limited to opening supply routes and get the food moving. Boutros-Ghali, however, was totally opposed to this limited mandate. The UN had neither the command and the structure nor the control structure to execute the Chapter-VII peace enforcement operation. As Durch suggests, lower-income countries often contributed troops to benefit from the UN&#8217;s standardized reimbursement system, while higher-income states participated primarily for reputational or symbolic reasons. (Durch, 1996: 321). Boutros-Ghali insisted that, in order to reduce the UN&#8217;s risk, a disarmament operation was crucial.</p><p>Oakley&#8217;s successful diplomatic initiatives made it very easy for the troops to be deployed all the way to the interiors of the country. However, UNITAF began to require the heavy weapons to be moved out of the city of Mogadishu. The US forces also started to be more engaged in assisting the establishment of police, prisons and judiciary. However starting from January 1993, the situation was no longer as peaceful for UNITAF. The armed confrontation between Jess and Morgan over the Kismoyo region, which resulted in Morgan&#8217;s forces attack on Jess&#8217;s weapons compound. UNITAF considered this a violation of Addis cease-fire agreement and attacked Morgan&#8217;s forces in return. One month later, Morgan infiltrated fighters into Kismoyo, attacked Jess, who fled town. British Broadcasting (BBC) in Somali language claimed that Morgan had taken the town, implicitly with UNITAF consent. This inflammatory comment harmed UNITAF&#8217;s neutral reputation (Hirsch and Oakley, 1995: 76-77).</p><p>Throughout the mission, Oakley deliberately and consciously sought to tilt the balance away from the militia leaders to the civilian groups. He referred this strategy as &#8220;plucking the bird&#8221;. According to Oakley, if you take one feather at a time this bird doesn&#8217;t think there is anything terrible going on, then one day he finds he can&#8217;t fly. This comment, once again thanks to BBC, was broadcasted to the country in Somali language, making it a lot more difficult for a respected diplomat like Oakley to mediate (Lyons, 1995: 47).</p><p>With growing tensions, the United States started to seek possible ways of transition to a UN led force as quickly as possible. There were tow inter-related causes for such decision. The first one was the overall cost of the mission almost mounted up to $1bn and secondly it was almost time for the American forces in Somalia to rotate with the forces in the US. This operation was risky, logistically complicated and most importantly extremely expensive. Finally the US decided to pull her forces out of the country.</p><p>UNITAF successfully performed the assigned tasks in excellent manner. The US professionalism proved its strength with its adaptability to a difficult situation in an unfamiliar environment. However, if UNITAF were to stay longer assuming UNOSOM -II&#8217;s mandate and responsibilities, it could have given the same casualties and face similar difficulties. UNITAF&#8217;s success was a product of many factors such as successful diplomacy by Oakley, military professionalism and also the limited nature of the mandate.</p><p><strong>3. UNOSOM-II</strong></p><p><strong>3.1 Transition to UNOSOM-II</strong></p><p>On March 1993, the Secretary General submitted to the Security Council a report containing his recommendations for effecting the transition from UNITAF to UNOSOM-II. He indicated that since the adoption of resolution 794, UNITAF had deployed 37,000 troops in southern and central Somalia, covering approximately 40% of the country&#8217;s territory. UNITAF had positive impact on the security situation in Somalia and the effective delivery of humanitarian assistance. However, despite the improvements, a secure environment had net yet been established in Somalia. He concluded that, if the transition occurs on Security Council&#8217;s request, UNOSOM-II should be endowed with enforcement powers under Chapter-VII of the UN charter. He advocated a stronger disarmament mission with complete reconciliation assistance. (<a href="http://www.un.org/">www.un.org</a>, 1994: Date accessed: 12 March 2006).</p><p><strong>3.2. Mandates and Implementation</strong></p><p>On 26 March, the Security Council acting under the Chapter VII of the UN charter adopted resolution 814, by which it decided to expand the size and the mandate of UNOSOM in accordance with the Secretary General&#8217;s recommendations. This new mandate explicitly included disarmament, the establishment of a police force, and national reconciliation. The resolution authorized actions to &#8220;to assist the people of Somalia to promote and advance political reconciliation through broad participation by all sectors of Somali society, and the re-establishment of national and regional institutions and civil administration in the entire country (Lyons, 1995: 53).</p><p>Resolution 814 was an ambitious document that applied to the entire country, including the northern part. The disarmament plan was developed was primarily developed by UNITAF and called for the Somalis to carry their heavy weapons to designated sites and surrender their personal weapons. Weapons of those who refuse to cooperate by a specific deadline would be confiscated or destroyed by the UN.</p><p>During April however, Mogadishu was relatively peaceful due to the signing of Addis Ababa peace accords. The warlords expressed themselves as freedom fighters, and although the agreement was signed by only the militia leaders, it was seen as a good opportunity for the civilian leadership to take part in new established state institutions to reduce the power of militias. At this point, UNOSOM was facing larger dilemmas about reconciliation regarding the involvement of civilian leadership as well as turning the militias into statesmen. Supporting civil leadership against the warlords as well as treating those warlords as respected statesmen gave mixed signals to Somali people; regardless, Somalia remained calm for almost a month.</p><p>Taking advantage of the peaceful environment, UNOSOM was also determined to achieve re-establishing Somalia&#8217;s institutions. By 1993, 38 district councils were formed; however some council members complained that UNOSOM provided little support to make the local administrations viable. Aideed&#8217;s Somalia National Alliance faction accused UNOSOM of meddling in the internal affairs of the Somali people and rejected the district and regional councils altogether.</p><p>The period between March and June 1993 represented the best chance for the international intervention to take place and act on political reconciliation and re-establishment of institutions. The Addis Ababa accords were rather unsettled; however they represented the most complete political action taken by the UN. The lack of strategy by the UN can be seen in diplomats&#8217; decisions. To fundamentally different strategies were applied, on one hand, the militiamen were strengthened by these accords, making &#8220;the criminals&#8221; important decision-makers, on the other hand, UN advocated, non-militia-men to participate in district and regional councils (Lyons, 1995: 57).</p><p><strong>3.3 June 5: Attack on Pakistani Peacekeepers, Resolution 837</strong></p><p>The peaceful environment after the Addis Ababa accords did not last too long. In order to signal his discomfort with the UN and her reconciliation methods, Aideed ambushed Pakistani troops and set off a politically disastrous military reaction. Pakistani troops were conducting a regular inspection in an SNA arms depot which shared a compound with Aideed&#8217;s radio station. US immediately issued a warning that; gunmen aligned with Aideed had threatened to murder Americans. (Lyons, 1995: 57)</p><p>The Security Council strongly condemned the &#8220;unprovoked armed attacks&#8221; and adopted resolution 837 which authorized the UN member states &#8220;all necessary measures against all those responsible&#8221; immediately. Several attacks had been launched by US-UN armed forces and the commander even placed a public price on Aideed&#8217;s head by totally contradicting the on-going strategy. It was a long change from accommodating Aideed, treating him as a major player in the international conferences into demonizing and putting a price for his head. (Lyons, 1995: 58).</p><p>Disconnected from UNOSOM, the American forces launched several attack on targets in Mogadishu and alienated much of the population. While the US was bombarding Somalia, the UN, helplessly, was trying to encourage regional reconciliation. Lack of strategy, order, coordination were soon to be very costly for Americans in Somalia.</p><p><strong>3.4 Attacks on American Soldiers and Withdrawal</strong></p><p>The nature of mandate took a different shape after the attack on the Pakistani forces. Re-conciliation ended &#8211; manhunt began. In a brutal operation in July, American helicopters destroyed a building which was one of Aideed&#8217;s headquarters, killing several Somalis. As the casualties grew, the domestic pressures grew some groups calling for packing and going home and others calling for capturing Aideed and assisting the Somalis with reconciliation. While these debates were going on in the US, the commanders in Somalia received news regarding the location of Aideed and his top lieutenants. Relying on this information US soldiers entered the Olympic Hotel unknowing of the consequences. The American soldiers were surrounded killing 18 Americans, wounded 84 and capturing of 1 helicopter pilot. In the end, Washington began preparations for a safe withdrawal from Somalia (Lyons, 1995: 60).</p><p>Ambassador Oakley was send once again in an attempt to create a safer environment for the US troops to withdraw from Somalia with little political damage. The Somali factions met once again under the absence of Aideed and reached to agreement in any effort to reconcile. Despite the failure of these talks, the western powers withdrew their forces in 1994, leaving only, Indian, Pakistani, Malaysian and Egyptian soldiers behind, who no longer left their bases. UNOSOM-II was abandoned. The failure raised questions about whether the Somalis would be more successful in reconciling without foreign involvement (Lyons, 1995: 60).</p><p><strong>4. Assessment of UNOSOM &#8211; II</strong></p><p>The intervention carried out by the United States and the United Nations in Somalia had many facets. The unprecedented and largely successful humanitarian operation that prevented hundreds of thousands of Somalis from dying and the tragic military campaign that failed to capture Aideed have received deserved attention. From the beginning the actions of the international community had significant effect on political reconciliation. These actions sometimes had positive effect sometimes negative. Section 4 of this essay will look at the difficulties, failures and the lessons learned from the UN operation in Somalia.</p><p><strong>4.1 New Generation Peacekeeping &amp; Failures of UNOSOM</strong></p><p>Somalia represented the second case of new generation peacekeeping after the Operation Provide Comfort in Iraq in April 1991. These operations were relatively new to the international system and both countries were almost a testing zone for the various attempts to provide peacekeeping. Somalia was a strong determinant for the future of these peace-enforcement operations. Inexperience as well as the internal dynamics of Somalia caused several difficulties to the UN and these factors caused the UN to fail from time to time during their stay in Somalia.</p><p>One of the major problems of the UN in Somalia was lack of consistent goals and strategies. In a few cases the UN acted against its goals making contradictionary decisions. One of these contradictions was Ambassador Robert Oakley&#8217;s negotiations and agreements. These negotiations were held with the military factions and had the clear unintended result of strengthening these groups relative to other potential political forces. As an initial step to facilitate deployment such cease-fire agreements are needed, but they should be considered in the context of a longer term effort to encourage new political institutions. The violence, banditry, inevitably weakened the civilian leadership. The January 1993 accords talks sponsored by the UN in Addis Ababa had the more explicit political strategy of achieving political reconciliation focusing on the militias. Ambiguously, however, the UN encouraged the participation of civilian leaders including women in regional districts. These two strategies, instead of complementing eachother have undercut eachother and prevented a successful reconciliation. Strengthening militias as well as establishing village and regional councils were seen as a threat to military factions in Somalia. (Lyons, 1995: 62)</p><p>The political strategy of UNOSOM and UNITAF was internally contradictory since the decision-makers didn&#8217;t know how to treat the militias (either as criminals or political actors). &#8220;Those who intervene inn places like Somalia must decide in advance whether they are going to accept and work with the local powers, that be even though those people may be the ones who are responsible for the trouble that triggered intervention. The decision is the key.&#8221; (Conference Report, 1994: 9).</p><p><strong>4.3 Lessons Learned</strong></p><p>Years after the withdrawal of the UN from Somalia, the international community is still reeling from what Boutros-Ghali called &#8220;one of the most challenging, arduous, undertakings in the Organization&#8217;s 50 year history&#8221;. The UN&#8217;s experience in Somalia marked a turning point for its peace operations after the Cold-War. The Somali people are not the only ones suffering from the syndrome of a failed state with its disastrous consequences. The Somalia type of conflict is likely to emerge again. To a great extent, the future of the UN&#8217;s role in peacekeeping depends on how well the lessons from Somalia are learned (Kittani, 1996: 1).</p><p>The first lesson that should be learned from Somalia is that; peace enforcement and peacekeeping shall not occur concurrently. Boutros-Ghali has noted in his agenda for peace that peacekeeping and peace-enforcement flow from entirely different premises and it is dangerous to mix the two. Peace-keeping operations may however follow peace-enforcement operations. This transition requires excellent coordination and peacekeepers should not take over until it is clear that peace-enforcement operation had reached its goal and there is a secure environment for the peacekeepers to be deployed. Lack of cooperation and coordination could severely affect the nature of peacekeeping in the countries. It is likely that, in Haiti, from the lessons learned in Somalia, peacekeepers did not enter the country until the peace-enforcement operation was complete and it was secure enough for deployment.</p><p>The second lesson that can be drawn from the UN operation in Somalia is that the United Nations cannot substitute for the political will of the conflicting faction in the country. Forcefully providing assistance is going to affect the nature of the conflict adversely. When a state fails,</p><p>It is only one step to ask for disarmament but political reconciliation with the will of the parties is crucial. Political institutions can not be re-established by having conferences in five star hotels unless all the conflicting parties agree with their own will.</p><p>The last and the most important lesson from Somalia stems from the UN&#8217;s weakness in its ability to undertake a large peace-enforcement mission. Since Somalia, it is clearly observed that the UN has no other option than assigning single countries to major peace operations such as the United States in Haiti and NATO in Bosnia. The UN simply do not have the necessary funding, sources, manpower, equipment, weaponry for any kind of large-scale peace enforcement operation. Therefore the UN must be more careful in undertaking operations that is clearly not in his capability. As it is in the case of Somalia, the UN is likely to fail when the mandate is over-stretched and over-ambitious.</p><p>One solution to this problem would be to have a standard and permanent United Nations Emergency Task Force which is more dynamic, mobile and ready to intervene before it is too late. If the UN intervened in Somalia right after the fall of Siad Barre, the peacekeepers could have filled up the gap in the power vacuum before the militias gained power. In order to achieve this, a group of experts and monitors are required to report any potential political catastrophe and human tragedy to the Security Council.</p><p>Regardless, the most important lesson from this operation is to be able to carry humanitarian relief under any and every condition regardless of the nature of the state because human life is more important then any political interest or institution.</p><p><strong>5. Conclusion</strong></p><p>The failures in history always manage to overshadow the successes. The UN operation in Somalia is seen as a major failure in UN&#8217;s history. The Somali story is a tragedy for both the people in the region and the international community in general. The two conflicting leaders, Ali Mahdi and Mohammed Aideed pursued their own selfish agenda without recognizing the fact that they occupied the same land and achieving their goal required their cooperation. The Somalis were not capable of breaking the vicious cycle of violence. Neither did the international community have the power to rebuild a state without the conflicting factions&#8217; consent (Lyons,1995: 69).</p><p>The UN in Somalia as well as the American forces who led the UNITAF mission did their best to establish a peaceful environment in the lands that are far away from their home with good intentions. Regardless of UN&#8217;s failures, the mission in Somalia was doomed to collapse and neither the US nor the UN can be considered solely responsible for the atrocities committed in Somalia. The only responsible actors for violence and deaths of hundreds of thousands of people were Ali Mahdi and Mohammed Aideed. The US made a mistake by not cooperating with the UN headquarters, the UN made a mistake by undertaking a massive operation when clearly it has no capability, Boutros-Ghali made the mistake of pushing for more military action threatening the lives of peacekeepers without foreseeing the possible responses from the militias. In this tragedy even BBC can be held responsible for publicizing Oakley plucking the bird plan to the Somalis. The bottom-line of all this is that UN failed in an impossible mission of turning Somalia into a better place to live.</p><p><strong>BIBLIOGRAPHY</strong></p><p>Conference Report. 1994. <em>The United Nations, Peacekeeping, and US policy in the post Cold-War World. </em>Queenstown: Aspin Institute.</p><p>Lyons, T., 1995. <em>Somalia: State Collapse, Multilateral Intervention, and Strategies for Political Construction. </em>Washington D.C.: The Brookings Institution.</p><p>Durch, W., 1996. &#8220;Introduction to Anarchy: Humanitarian Intervention and State Building in Somalia in <em>UN Peacekeeping, American Politics and the Uncivil Wars of the 1990s. </em>New York: St. Martins Press.</p><p>Putman, R., 1997. Disarming Somalia: The Contrasting Fortunes of United States and Australian Peacekeepers during UN Intervention.<em> African Affairs, </em>96(385): 509-533<em>.</em></p><p>Hirsch, J., Oakley, R., 1995. <em>Somalia and Operation Restore Hope: Reflections on Peacemaking and Peacekeeping. </em>Washington D.C.: US Institute of Peace Press.</p><p>Kittani, I., 1996. The Lessons from Somalia. <em>UN Chronicle, </em>33(3): 1-3.</p><p>ANON., 1994. UNOSOM Mandate Extended. <em>UN Chronicle, </em>31(4): 1-3.</p><p>United Nations: UNOSOM- II. 1994. [Online]. Available at: <a href="http://www.un.org/Depts/dpko/co_mission/unosom2backgr2.html.%20%5b2006">http://www.un.org/Depts/dpko/co_mission/unosom2backgr2.html. [2006</a>, March 12].</p><p>Hartford: Map of Somalia. [Online]. Available at:</p><p><a href="http://www.hartford-hwp.com/archives/33/131.png%20%5b2006">http://www.hartford-hwp.com/archives/33/131.png [2006</a>, March 11].</p>]]></content:encoded></item><item><title><![CDATA[Goldhagen Controversy]]></title><description><![CDATA[German anti-Semitic beliefs about Jews were the central causal agent of the Holocaust&#8230; The conclusion of this book is that anti-Semitism moved many thousands of &#8220;ordinary&#8221; Germans &#8211; and would have moved millions more, had they been appropriately positioned &#8211; to slaughter Jews.]]></description><link>https://www.etkisine.com/p/goldhagen-controversy</link><guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.etkisine.com/p/goldhagen-controversy</guid><dc:creator><![CDATA[Huseyin Akturk]]></dc:creator><pubDate>Tue, 13 May 2025 07:38:33 GMT</pubDate><enclosure url="https://substack-post-media.s3.amazonaws.com/public/images/bc764585-703a-402e-9c7a-02090a567b37_1920x1080.jpeg" length="0" type="image/jpeg"/><content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>German anti-Semitic beliefs about Jews were the central causal agent of the Holocaust&#8230; The conclusion of this book is that anti-Semitism moved many thousands of &#8220;ordinary&#8221; Germans &#8211; and would have moved millions more, had they been appropriately positioned &#8211; to slaughter Jews. Not economic hardship, not the coercive means of a totalitarian state, not the social psychological, not invariable psychological propensities, but ideas about Jews that were pervasive in Germany, and had been for decades, induced ordinary Germans to kill unarmed, defenseless Jewish men, women and children by the thousands, systematically and without pity.</p><p>(Goldhagen, 1996:9)</p><p>Daniel Goldhagen&#8217;s book based on his doctoral research was first published in 1996. The title of the book &#8220;Hitler&#8217;s Willing Executioners&#8221; in big prints tells us about his book that the executioners were not only murderers but they were also &#8220;willing&#8221; to do so. The subtitle of his book &#8220;Ordinary Germans and the Holocaust&#8221; states the second &#8220;fact&#8221; that the executioners were not only &#8220;willing murderers&#8221; but also they were also ordinary men who were not specifically selected but randomly recruited from every part of German society. The selection of words that Goldhagen uses for his book has another special and purposeful meaning as well. By using the term &#8220;Ordinary Germans&#8221; he clearly and intentionally draws an intellectual attack on another scholar &#8220;Christopher Browning&#8221; who had written a book called &#8220;Ordinary Men&#8221; which was published 4 years earlier in 1992 than Goldhagen&#8217;s work. Browning, in his book, focuses his study particularly on the German Reserve Police Battalion 101, which was made up of people from the Hamburg area, who massacred the Jews in Poland.</p><p>This research essay will follow the order of thesis-antithesis-synthesis where in the first section the main thesis will be stated and in the second section, the essay will argue against the thesis and finally a conclusion will be reached. In the introduction, the essay will introduce the history of the Police Battalion and the series of events and approach of the two books and the thesis of this essay is that &#8220;Goldhagen lacked insight in scholar writing and contributed very little if not nothing to the intellectual debate on the motivations of the perpetrators&#8221;. The second section will look at the issue from Goldhagen&#8217;s perspective and finally a mid-way conclusion will be reached between Goldhagen&#8217;s provocative theory and Browning&#8217;s scholarly thesis.</p><p>In the early morning of July 13th 1942, the &#8220;ordinary&#8221; members of German Police Battalion 101 found themselves in an extraordinary situation. Under the orders of Battalion commander, Major Wilhelm Trapp, they were commanded to round up the 1,800 Jews in the village (Jozefow, Poland), take the ones that are able to, to the work-camp and execute the remaining women, children and the elders. It was the first time that the ordinary policemen were directly ordered to massacre. Trapp, however, who was also not completely happy with the orders decided to excuse the ones who felt that they weren&#8217;t up to the task. Around a dozen policemen took advantage of this offer. After driving the Jews out of their homes, shooting those who resisted or were immobile, they selected around 300 able men from 1,800 Jews in the village. The method of execution in Police Battalion 101 was simple and direct but also inhuman. Each policeman in the firing squad would be teamed with a victim and they would walk to a forest path in a wooden area where Jews would be ordered to sit down and the policeman would fire from behind into the skull (Hinton, 1998:9). As Hr. Ernst, one of the perpetrators explains, the bullet sometimes struck the head of the victim with such trajectory that often the entire skull or at least the entire rear skullcap was torn off, and blood, bone splinters, and brains preyed everywhere and besmirched the shooters (Browning, 1992:64). After these shootings, few more of the German policemen dropped out of the Battalion.</p><p>Both Goldhagen&#8217;s book &#8220;Hitler&#8217;s Willing Executioners&#8221; and Browning&#8217;s book &#8220;Ordinary Men&#8221; examine the same Police Battalion 101 and the motivations of these murderers. Browning&#8217;s final chapters examine why despite Trapp&#8217;s offer of excuse, many of these German &#8220;Ordinary Men&#8221; decided to stay and proceed with the order for murders. According to Browning, the reasons for the perpetrators, at least the source of their motivations were: peer pressure, the war, physical revulsion, desensitization, dehumanization, brutalization, self-interest, the nature of authoritarianism, and anti-Semitic propaganda. Browning concludes that, the Police Battalion 101, who came from middle-lower class background with older age, was made up of nothing more than any &#8220;Ordinary Men&#8221;. According to Browning, all the motivations listed above would make any other ordinary men to commit such brutal atrocities.</p><p>Goldhagen, in his highly controversial book (1996), Hitler&#8217;s Willing Executioners, directly attacks Browning&#8217;s conclusions about the motivations of the &#8220;Ordinary Men&#8221;. For Goldhagen, the people who committed the atrocities were not only &#8220;Ordinary Men&#8221;, they were &#8220;Ordinary Germans&#8221; and these men were willingly engaged in the genocidal activities because of the level in which their anti-Semitism extents. He shifts the political focus of the subject to the psychology and more than that to anthropological make up of the German society. He states that German society must be approached &#8220;&#8230; with the critical eye of an anthropologist&#8230;&#8221;(Goldhagen, 1996:15). Although it is agreed that the Holocaust was a dehumanizing act, he chooses a specific language to explain the acts of the Police Battalion 101:</p><p>&#8220;&#8230;they chose to walk into a hospital, a house of healing, and to shoot the sick, who must have been cowering, begging, and screaming for mercy. They killed babies. None of the Germans has seen fit to recount details of such killings. In all probability, a killer either shot a baby in its mother&#8217;s arms, and perhaps the mother for a good measure or as was the habit during these years, held it at arm&#8217;s length, shooting it with a pistol. Perhaps the mother looked on in horror. The tiny corpse was then dropped like so much trash and left to rot.</p><p>(Goldhagen, 1996:215-216)</p><p>The selection of his words tells us that he has a lot of emotions involved and throughout his book, he uses words, such as brutal, inhuman, horror, gruesome, terror etc&#8230; His book is a product of moral outrage.</p><p>Goldhagen wants to show that these &#8220;Ordinary Men&#8221; were thinking in the course of such actions, with the same mentality. The fact that the Police Battalion 101 was made up of these ordinary people who were not necessarily indoctrinated by the Nazi Party brings one single conclusion that the German people including the very most ordinary ones must have hated the Jews which has its origins from a long-lasting and at that time on-going anti-Semitism. He argues that the Germans had one unique element which made all the Germans potentially genocidal by their nature which he describes as and &#8220;eleminationist ideology&#8221; especially against the Jews.</p><p>As the thesis, &#8220;Goldhagen lacked insight in scholar writing and contributed very little if not nothing to the intellectual debate on the motivations of the perpetrators&#8221; suggests this part of the essay will draw criticisms on Goldhagen&#8217;s work.</p><p>Given that in less than one dozen pages, Goldhagen dismisses decades of research on the Holocaust conducted by the most important scholars such as Yehuda Bauer, Christopher Browning, Raul Hilberg, it is pretty much more than expected that the book &#8220;Hitler&#8217;s Willing Executioners&#8221; has generated a great deal of controversy. While a few Holocaust scholars have responded favorably to Goldhagen&#8217;s argument, many have strongly criticized him for saying very little that is new, positioning a monocausal and deterministic argument, critiquing alternative explanations in an erroneous and facile manner, using circular reasoning and a deterministic methodology, being ahistorical and over-simplistic, and making racist arguments against the Germans (Hinton, 1998:12).</p><p>Goldhagen overstates the level and the depth of anti-Semitism in his book. At the same time he ignores two points that makes the scholars like Bauer pull his hair which are: Not all the shooters were German and not all the victims were Jewish. Some of the killers of the Holocaust were also drawn from populations who did not necessarily lived within the borders of Germany. Some ethnic Germans, who lived in Ukraine, had killed approximately 30,000 Jews. Also, the guard force in Auschwitz was also made up of ethnic based Germans who lived outside of the country. The executioners were also from Croatia, Romania, Lithuania and other European countries. A senior scholar Hilberg explains this feature with a good example:</p><p>&#8220;The great Odessa massacre of 1941was Romanian, and it was the Romanian Marshal Ion Antonescu who asked on 16 December 1941, &#8216;Are we waiting for a decision to be taken in Berlin?&#8217; just before 70,000 Jews were killed by his men in the Golta prefecture. Thousands of these Jews were burned alive. As to the Croats, there are photographs of what went on in that satellite state. Baltic auxiliaries were absolutely essential to the Germans, as in the case of Latvian street and harbor police who participated heavily in the massive shootings of Jews in Riga. Of the Lithuanian police battalion that was pressed into the service, the second is of special interest. In October of that year, it was ordered to go from Kaunas to Byelorussia as a component of the German 11th Police Battalion. The mission was to kill Jews. Facing the victims, a young Lithuanian declared that he could not shoot men, women and children whereupon the company commander, Juozas Kristaponis, invited any of his men with similar objections to move to the side. Some did, most did not. Later, this unit was involved in more killing, and in Slutsk, there were occurrences that prompted a German police officer to call the Lithuanians &#8216;pigs&#8217;&#8221;.</p><p>(Hilberg, 1997:5)</p><p>Goldhagen does not mention one single case of these occurrences that took place outside of Germany. He does however at times differentiate the German perpetrators by saying: Germans were the &#8220;prime movers and executers of the Holocaust&#8221; (Goldhagen, 1996:476). He does not have one single comparative argument; therefore he can not explain the motivations of other Europeans. Were the atrocities committed by the Latvians also due to the mere fact that Germans were anti-Semitic and of the same mind of Hitler&#8217;s? If theses atrocities and ideology was unique to the German society, how can one explain what was going on in the rest of Europe? Omitting this fact, a statement of this magnitude requires a comparative study, Goldhagen fails greatly for discriminating Germans from other Europeans without even looking at the attitudes of others while the innocent Jews were being killed not only in Germany but elsewhere in Europe.</p><p>The second major failure of Goldhagen is the fact that there were many non-Jewish victims. Raul Hilberg argues: &#8220;It would be difficult to ascribe all these man, who had not been a part of German Society, the kind of German anti-Semitism that in Goldhagen&#8217;s view harbored an &#8216;exterminationist potential&#8217;. It would be manifestly impossible to connect any anti-Semitism with the origination of killing operations directed at non-Jewish people&#8221; (Hilberg, 1997:5). During 1930s and early 1940s German government exterminated more than one forth of its mentally disabled patients with gas. The disabled people in Germany were not a threat to the German society by any means but they were still transferred from the euthanasia centers and gassed just like the Jews. Similarly, Gypsies in Germany were treated in exactly the same manner as the Jews were treated. All the Gypsies were transferred to the ghettos in Poland together with Jews and they were also exterminated. Again, Goldhagen makes a few references to the other victims of these &#8220;ordinary willing executioners&#8221; however he does not include these references for his conclusion. So while evaluating the German society, what Goldhagen does is, take one type of executioner while there are many others and one type of victim again among all others and draw a hasty generalization that all Germans were anti-Semitic and of the same minds of Hitler&#8217;s by their nature. He does however manage to link anti-Semitism to racial purity and this purity would be achieved not only by killing Jews but also others, who are threats to the Aryan German blood.</p><p>The next part of this essay will try to look at the issue from Goldhagen&#8217;s perspective and in an attempt to contradict the original thesis of this research paper. As Nick Zangwill argues, there are certain cases in which Goldhagen is clearly right and Browning is wrong. Every single leading Nazi member who was executed after the Nuremberg trials went to death with their clear conscience. The common thought among all was that &#8220;they had done the right thing&#8221;. For example at the Nuremberg trials one of the leading Nazi officers said that: &#8220;I will absolutely and gladly take responsibility for even the most serious things which I have done&#8230;&#8221; (Trial of the Major War Criminals before the International Military Tribunal, vol. IX: 368). Goring also says: &#8220;The only motive which guided me was my ardent love for my people, its freedom, its happiness and its life&#8221; (Trial of the Major War Criminals before the International Military Tribunal, vol. XXII, 564). There is no plausibility in the idea that Goring was someone who was attracted to evil qua evil. None of the leading Nazis in the trials showed any weakness because they did what they believed in. It is absolutely agreeable that the top Nazi officers&#8217;, starting with Himmler&#8217;s, biggest motivation was anti-Semitism and potentially eleminationist anti-Semitism. (Zangwill, 2003:4)</p><p>One major criticism of Goldhagen&#8217;s work is that, it is &#8220;monocausal&#8221;. However this criticism is not entirely true. Goldhagen, in most part of his thesis shows that the Holocaust had more than one cause. However, he does argue that anti-Semitism alone was the only motivational factor which led to genocide. Goldhagen recognizes that other factors were necessary for the killings but he insists that anti-Semitism, as a real psychological factor in the mind of the majority of the killers, was an important necessary condition (Goldhagen, 1996: 140-141). Browning denies the fact that the eleminationist anti-Semitic ideology was a motivational factor for the killings. It is agreeable that Goldhagen is not wrong for his observation in explaining the motivational factors. Although Browning lists many factors he omits the anti-Semitic, eleminationist motivations for the cause of the killings.</p><p>Coming back to the specific case of Police Battalion 101, Goldhagen argues that the &#8220;Ordinary Men&#8221; was in fact proud and unlike Browning suggests they were not acting under the peer pressure. For his hypothesis, he relies on many photographs taken by the members of the Battalion as his evidence of this pride (Goldhagen, 1996: 245-247, 405-406). According to Goldhagen, these men showed pride, no shame or weakness which makes him come to a conclusion, if the &#8220;Ordinary Men&#8221; in those pictures are happy and proud, they must think that what they are doing is worth and right. Although, I have to admit that this is pretty weak evidence, I can try to see the conclusion he draws looking at the evidence he has. These pictures may as well be exceptions and selected in a biased manner and it can create illusions when drawing a conclusion about the psychology of these men.</p><p>In conclusion, I would like to contradict my own thesis. Although Goldhagen had major shortcomings in proving his theories, he did, in fact add quite a lot to the intellectual debate on the issue. At least, he raised a very important question that remains open and still important more than ever. He sparked the fire in the intellectual arena. What were the motivations of these ordinary men when committing such brutal atrocities? Unlike he claims, his research is a product of moral outrage rather than an anthropological, sociological and psychological theory analysis paper. His analysis would have been so much more powerful if he argued that the &#8220;eleminationist anti-Semitist ideology&#8221; was highly motivating for many &#8220;Ordinary Men&#8221; in explaining their behavior. It is more than true that for quite a number of executioners &#8220;eleminationist ideology&#8221; was more than enough as a motivating factor whereas for many others, there were many more factors that contributed to the decision-making of these men. Eleminationist anti-Semitism was an important, maybe one of the most important one but it isn&#8217;t the sufficient cause of the Holocaust. By doing so, he could have benefited in two ways. First of all, he would not look like a young ambitious professor trying to over-throw decades of research done by the most prominent scholars in the area. The arrogance of his style even by using a provocative title &#8220;Hitler&#8217;s Willing Executioners: Ordinary Germans and the Holocaust&#8221; made him a target for open-fire from its cover to conclusion, because his intention was to attack a senior scholar like Christopher Browning. Secondly, if he argued that &#8220;eleminationist ideology&#8221; was one of the factors, he would have made a valuable contribution to the intellectual debate researching the causes of the Holocaust and many of those senior scholars would be applauding rather than criticizing Goldhagen. Although he asks an important question, he does not address several other key issues in particular, how an advanced society would have carried out the Holocaust. Gellately says that: &#8220;Goldhagen had forcefully presented some challenging insights, offered new and important evidence, and certainly given us good reason to revise some of our perceptions and understandings&#8221; (Gellately. 1997:191). He does however fails dramatically in giving us a complete review of the Holocaust that he argues the purpose of his book is (Goldhagen, 1996:9). The study of Holocaust requires a better research, at least a comparative study, complex methodology which Goldhagen does not apply and present. Overall one issue remains which is going to be discussed for several other decades: &#8220;What exactly then motivated the &#8220;Ordinary Men&#8221; just like the five hundred of those in the Police Battalion 101 to commit such brutal atrocities?&#8221; The answer may be: &#8220;either/or&#8221;, maybe even &#8220;neither&#8221; and the real answer will be reached, only with the contributions of young and brave scholars like: &#8220;Daniel Jonah Goldhagen&#8221;.</p><p><em>Huseyin Akturk (Cape Town, 2006)</em></p><p>BIBLIOGRAPHY</p><p>1. ALFORD, F,. 1997. What does &#8220;Willing&#8221; Mean?. Theory and Society, 26(5): 719-738, October 1997.</p><p>2. BROWNING, C., 2000. Nazi Policy, Jewish Workers, German Killers. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</p><p>3. BROWNING, C., 1992. Ordinary Men: Reserve Police Battalion 101 and the Final Solution in Poland. New York: HarperCollins Publishers.</p><p>4. BROWNING, C., 2004. The Origins of the Final Solution. London: William Heinemann.</p><p>5. GELLATELY, R., 1997. Hitler&#8217;s Willing Executioners: Ordinary Germans and the Holocaust, by Daniel Goldhagen. Reviewed in: The Journal of Modern History, 69(1): 187-191, March 1997.</p><p>6. GOLDHAGEN. J., D., 1996. Hitler&#8217;s Willing Executioners: Ordinary Germans and the Holocaust. New York: Vintage Books.</p><p>7. HILBERG, R., 1997. The Goldhagen Phenomenon. Critical Inquiry, 23(4): 721-728, Summer 1997.</p><p>8. HINTON, A., 1998. Why did the Nazis kill? : Anthropology, Genocide and the Goldhagen Controversy. Anthropology Today, 14(5): 9-15, October 1998.</p><p>9. INTERNATIONAL MILITARY TRIBUNAL, 1947-1949: Trials of the Major War Criminals before the International Military Tribunal, Nuremberg.</p><p>10. MOSES, A., D., 1998. Structure and the Agency in the Holocaust. History and Theory, 37(2): 194-219, May 1998.</p><p>11. ZANGWILL, N,. 2003. Perpetrator Motivation: Some Reflections on the Browning/Goldhagen Debate. Ashgate.</p>]]></content:encoded></item></channel></rss>